ADVERB |
1. Adverb কী? (What is an Adverb?)
সংজ্ঞা (Definition) |
An Adverb is a word that modifies a Verb, an Adjective, or another Adverb. It tells us how, when, where, how often, or to what extent an action is done. সহজ কথায়, Adverb হলো এমন একটি শব্দ যা Verb, Adjective বা অন্য Adverb-কে Qualify বা Modify করে — অর্থাৎ কাজের ধরন, সময়, স্থান, পরিমাণ বা পৌনঃপুনিকতা প্রকাশ করে। |
Adverb যা Modify করে | উদাহরণ | কোন Adverb |
Verb | She sings beautifully. | beautifully → sings (verb) |
Adjective | He is very tall. | very → tall (adjective) |
Another Adverb | She runs quite fast. | quite → fast (adverb) |
Entire Sentence | Unfortunately, he failed. | Unfortunately → সম্পূর্ণ বাক্য |
Preposition | She arrived just before noon. | just → before (preposition) |
Conjunction | He left immediately after she arrived. | immediately → after (conjunction) |
NOTE | Adverb সাধারণত '-ly' suffix যোগে গঠিত হয় (quick→quickly, happy→happily)। তবে সব '-ly' শব্দ Adverb নয় — 'lovely, friendly, lonely, elderly, lively' হলো Adjective। আবার 'fast, hard, late, early, well, just, still' ইত্যাদি '-ly' ছাড়াও Adverb। |
2. Adverb-এর শ্রেণীবিভাগ (Classification of Adverbs) |
① Adverb of Manner (রীতিবাচক ক্রিয়া বিশেষণ) |
সংজ্ঞা |
An Adverb of Manner describes how or in what manner an action is done. It answers the question 'How?' অর্থাৎ কাজটি কীভাবে সম্পন্ন হচ্ছে তা প্রকাশ করে। এগুলো সাধারণত '-ly' যোগে গঠিত হয়। |
Adverb | Adjective থেকে গঠন | বাংলা অর্থ | উদাহরণ বাক্য |
beautifully | beautiful + ly | সুন্দরভাবে | She dances beautifully. |
carefully | careful + ly | সাবধানে | Drive carefully on this road. |
quickly | quick + ly | দ্রুতভাবে | He quickly finished his work. |
slowly | slow + ly | ধীরে ধীরে | The old man walked slowly. |
bravely | brave + ly (e drop) | সাহসিকভাবে | He fought bravely. |
angrily | angry + ly (y→i) | রাগান্বিতভাবে | She looked at him angrily. |
hard | no change | কঠোরভাবে | He works hard every day. |
fast | no change | দ্রুতভাবে | She runs fast. |
well | good-এর Adverb | ভালোভাবে | He speaks English well. |
badly | bad + ly | খারাপভাবে | He performed badly. |
NOTE | 'Hard' এবং 'Hardly' দুটি ভিন্ন শব্দ: 'He works hard' = কঠোর পরিশ্রম করে। কিন্তু 'He hardly works' = সে প্রায় কাজই করে না (নেতিবাচক অর্থ)। BCS ও Bank পরীক্ষায় এই পার্থক্য বারবার আসে। |
② Adverb of Time (কালবাচক ক্রিয়া বিশেষণ) |
সংজ্ঞা |
An Adverb of Time tells us when an action takes place. It answers the question 'When?' অর্থাৎ কাজটি কখন সম্পন্ন হয়েছে বা হচ্ছে তা প্রকাশ করে। |
Adverb of Time | ব্যবহার ও উদাহরণ |
now | বর্তমান মুহূর্ত: I am busy now. / Do it now. |
then | তখন / সেই সময়: He was young then. |
today | আজ: She will come today. |
yesterday | গতকাল: I met him yesterday. |
tomorrow | আগামীকাল: We will go tomorrow. |
soon | শীঘ্রই: She will arrive soon. |
already | ইতিমধ্যে: He has already left. |
yet | এখনও (প্রশ্ন/নেতিবাচক): Has she arrived yet? / He hasn't come yet. |
still | এখনও (ইতিবাচক): She is still sleeping. |
lately / recently | সম্প্রতি: I have not seen him lately. |
formerly / previously | পূর্বে: He was formerly a teacher. |
immediately | অবিলম্বে: Come here immediately. |
finally / eventually | অবশেষে: He finally agreed. |
once | একসময়: He was once a great king. |
since | তখন থেকে: I have not seen him since. |
③ Adverb of Place (স্থানবাচক ক্রিয়া বিশেষণ) |
সংজ্ঞা |
An Adverb of Place tells us where an action takes place. It answers the question 'Where?' অর্থাৎ কাজটি কোথায় সম্পন্ন হয়েছে বা হচ্ছে তা প্রকাশ করে। |
Adverb | বাংলা অর্থ | Adverb | বাংলা অর্থ |
here | এখানে | there | সেখানে |
everywhere | সর্বত্র | nowhere | কোথাও না |
somewhere | কোথাও | anywhere | যেকোনো জায়গায় |
inside | ভেতরে | outside | বাইরে |
above | উপরে | below | নিচে |
up | উপরে | down | নিচে |
near | কাছে | far | দূরে |
in | ভেতরে | out | বাইরে |
away | দূরে | back | পেছনে |
forward | সামনে | backward | পেছনের দিকে |
✦ Come here immediately. (here = adverb of place) |
✦ He looked everywhere but found nothing. |
✦ The cat is sleeping inside. |
✦ She went far away from home. |
✦ Look up at the stars. |
✦ He has gone back to his village. |
④ Adverb of Frequency (পৌনঃপুনিকতাবাচক ক্রিয়া বিশেষণ) |
সংজ্ঞা |
An Adverb of Frequency tells us how often an action is done. It answers the question 'How often?' অর্থাৎ কাজটি কতবার বা কত ঘন ঘন করা হয় তা প্রকাশ করে। এই ধরনের Adverb সাধারণত Main Verb-এর আগে এবং Auxiliary Verb-এর পরে বসে। |
শতকরা হার | Adverb | বাংলা অর্থ | উদাহরণ |
100% | always | সর্বদা | She always smiles. |
~90% | usually / normally | সাধারণত | He usually wakes up early. |
~80% | generally / regularly | সাধারণত/নিয়মিত | I generally eat breakfast. |
~70% | often / frequently | প্রায়ই | They often go for a walk. |
~50% | sometimes / occasionally | মাঝে মাঝে | She sometimes sings. |
~30% | seldom / rarely | কদাচিৎ | He seldom reads novels. |
~10% | hardly ever / scarcely ever | প্রায় কখনো না | She hardly ever cries. |
0% | never | কখনো না | He never tells lies. |
NOTE | Adverb of Frequency-এর অবস্থান: (১) Main Verb-এর আগে: She always sings. (২) Auxiliary Verb-এর পরে: She has never lied. (৩) 'be' Verb-এর পরে: He is always late. 'Sometimes/Occasionally/Often' বাক্যের শুরুতেও বসতে পারে। |
⑤ Adverb of Degree (মাত্রাবাচক ক্রিয়া বিশেষণ) |
সংজ্ঞা |
An Adverb of Degree tells us the extent or degree to which something is done. It answers the question 'How much?' or 'To what extent?' এটি কোনো গুণ বা ক্রিয়ার মাত্রা বা পরিমাণ প্রকাশ করে। এটি সাধারণত Adjective বা অন্য Adverb-কে Modify করে। |
Adverb of Degree | বাংলা অর্থ | উদাহরণ বাক্য |
very | অত্যন্ত | She is very beautiful. / He runs very fast. |
too | অতিরিক্ত (নেতিবাচক) | It is too hot to go out. / He is too weak. |
so | এতটাই | She is so kind. / He ran so fast. |
quite | মোটামুটি / বেশ | She is quite intelligent. / It is quite cold. |
rather | বরং / মোটামুটি | This is rather difficult. / He is rather slow. |
almost / nearly | প্রায় | She is almost ready. / He nearly fell. |
enough | যথেষ্ট | She is old enough to vote. / Is it warm enough? |
extremely | অতিমাত্রায় | It is extremely hot today. |
fairly | মোটামুটি | She is fairly good at English. |
hardly / scarcely / barely | প্রায় না | He can hardly walk. / I barely slept. |
just | ঠিক / মাত্র | He just arrived. / This is just enough. |
only | শুধুমাত্র | Only he can do this. / She only smiled. |
entirely / completely | সম্পূর্ণভাবে | I entirely agree with you. |
somewhat | কিছুটা | He is somewhat nervous. |
NOTE | 'Very' বনাম 'Too': 'Very' নিরপেক্ষ অর্থে ব্যবহৃত হয় (very good = অত্যন্ত ভালো)। 'Too' নেতিবাচক অর্থে — সমস্যা তৈরি করে (too hot = এতটাই গরম যে সহ্য করা যাচ্ছে না)। 'Enough' সবসময় Adjective/Adverb-এর পরে বসে: 'old enough', 'fast enough' — কখনো আগে নয়। |
⑥ Adverb of Reason (কারণবাচক ক্রিয়া বিশেষণ) |
সংজ্ঞা |
An Adverb of Reason tells us why an action is done. It answers the question 'Why?' অর্থাৎ কাজটি কেন করা হয়েছে তা প্রকাশ করে। |
✦ He therefore left the meeting early. (therefore = এই কারণে) |
✦ She hence decided to resign. (hence = সুতরাং) |
✦ He was ill, thus he could not attend. (thus = ফলস্বরূপ) |
✦ She is sick; consequently, she cannot come. (consequently = ফলে) |
✦ He works hard; accordingly, he succeeds. (accordingly = সেই অনুযায়ী) |
⑦ Adverb of Affirmation & Negation (স্বীকৃতি ও অস্বীকৃতিবাচক) |
Adverb | ব্যবহার ও উদাহরণ |
yes | স্বীকৃতি: Yes, I will do it. |
certainly / surely | নিশ্চিতভাবে: Certainly, she will pass. |
definitely | অবশ্যই: He will definitely come. |
truly / really | সত্যিই: This is really wonderful. |
indeed | বাস্তবিকপক্ষে: He is indeed a genius. |
no | অস্বীকৃতি: No, I cannot do that. |
not | না: She is not sleeping. |
never | কখনো না: He never tells lies. |
by no means | কোনোভাবেই না: This is by no means correct. |
not at all | মোটেও না: I do not like it at all. |
⑧ Interrogative Adverb (প্রশ্নবোধক ক্রিয়া বিশেষণ) |
সংজ্ঞা |
When Adverbs are used to ask questions, they are called Interrogative Adverbs. প্রশ্ন করার জন্য ব্যবহৃত Adverb-গুলোকে Interrogative Adverb বলে। |
Interrogative Adverb | প্রশ্নের ধরন | বাংলা অর্থ | উদাহরণ |
When | Time (কাল) | কখন | When did you come? |
Where | Place (স্থান) | কোথায় | Where do you live? |
Why | Reason (কারণ) | কেন | Why are you crying? |
How | Manner (রীতি) | কীভাবে | How did you do it? |
How much | Degree/Quantity | কতটুকু | How much does it cost? |
How many | Number | কতটি | How many students are there? |
How long | Duration/Length | কতক্ষণ/কত লম্বা | How long will it take? |
How often | Frequency | কতবার | How often do you exercise? |
How far | Distance | কত দূর | How far is the station? |
How soon | Time (near future) | কত শীঘ্র | How soon can you finish? |
⑨ Relative Adverb (সম্পর্কযুক্ত ক্রিয়া বিশেষণ) |
সংজ্ঞা |
A Relative Adverb introduces a relative clause and modifies the verb in that clause. The common relative adverbs are when, where, why, how. এগুলো দুটি clause-কে সংযুক্ত করে এবং একই সাথে Adverb-এর কাজ করে। |
Relative Adverb | উদাহরণ (দুটি Clause সংযুক্ত করে) |
when | I remember the day when we first met. (when = on which) |
where | This is the place where I was born. (where = at which) |
why | I don't know the reason why he left. (why = for which) |
how | Tell me how you solved this problem. (how = in what way) |
⑩ Sentence Adverb / Conjunctive Adverb (বাক্যবাচক বিশেষণ) |
সংজ্ঞা |
Some adverbs modify the entire sentence (not just the verb) and show the speaker's attitude toward what is being said. These are called Sentence Adverbs or Disjuncts. Conjunctive Adverbs connect two independent clauses. এগুলো সাধারণত বাক্যের শুরুতে বসে এবং comma দ্বারা আলাদা থাকে। |
Conjunctive / Sentence Adverb | উদাহরণ | ||
however (তবে/কিন্তু) | He studied hard; however, he failed. | ||
therefore (সুতরাং) | He was ill; therefore, he could not attend. | ||
moreover (তদুপরি) | She is intelligent; moreover, she is hardworking. | ||
furthermore (আরো) | He is honest; furthermore, he is brave. | ||
nevertheless / nonetheless (তথাপি) | It was raining; nevertheless, he went out. | ||
consequently (ফলস্বরূপ) | She worked hard; consequently, she succeeded. | ||
meanwhile (ইতিমধ্যে) | He rested; meanwhile, she cooked dinner. | ||
unfortunately (দুর্ভাগ্যবশত) | Unfortunately, he missed the train. | ||
surprisingly (আশ্চর্যজনকভাবে) | Surprisingly, he got full marks. | ||
frankly / honestly (সত্যি কথা বলতে) | Frankly, I do not like his attitude. | ||
obviously (স্পষ্টতই) | Obviously, he is the best candidate. | ||
apparently (আপাতদৃষ্টে) | Apparently, he did not know the rule. | ||
3. Adverb গঠনের নিয়ম (Formation of Adverbs) | |||
Adjective থেকে Adverb গঠনের Spelling Rules
নিয়ম (Rule) | Adjective → Adverb | আরো উদাহরণ |
সাধারণ নিয়ম: শেষে -ly যোগ করুন | quick→quickly, slow→slowly, clear→clearly | loud→loudly, soft→softly, bright→brightly, dark→darkly |
শেষে -le থাকলে -le বাদ দিয়ে -ly যোগ করুন | gentle→gently, simple→simply, able→ably | humble→humbly, noble→nobly, probable→probably, terrible→terribly |
শেষে -y থাকলে y→i করে -ly যোগ করুন | happy→happily, easy→easily, angry→angrily | heavy→heavily, busy→busily, lazy→lazily, lucky→luckily |
শেষে -ic থাকলে -ally যোগ করুন | basic→basically, dramatic→dramatically | automatic→automatically, tragic→tragically, magic→magically |
-ly শেষের Adjective (কোনো পরিবর্তন নেই, Adverb হয় না) | friendly, lovely, lonely, elderly, lively | এগুলো Adjective — Adverb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয় না। 'in a friendly way' বলতে হয়। |
Adjective ও Adverb একই রূপ | fast, hard, late, early, long, high, low, near, far | He drives fast. (adv) / a fast car (adj) | He works hard. / a hard worker. |
শেষে -ful থাকলে -fully যোগ করুন | careful→carefully, powerful→powerfully | beautiful→beautifully, hopeful→hopefully, harmful→harmfully |
শেষে -ent/-ant থাকলে -ently/-antly যোগ করুন | frequent→frequently, fluent→fluently | patient→patiently, apparent→apparently, urgent→urgently |
NOTE | Exception: 'good' → 'well' (good-এর Adverb হলো well)। 'He is good' (adj) কিন্তু 'He sings well' (adv)। 'Well' আবার Adjective হিসেবেও ব্যবহৃত হয় সুস্থতা বোঝাতে: 'I am well' (= আমি সুস্থ আছি)। |
4. Adverb-এর অবস্থান (Position of Adverbs) |
Adverb বাক্যে তিনটি অবস্থানে বসতে পারে:
অবস্থান | কোন ধরনের Adverb | উদাহরণ |
Front Position (বাক্যের শুরুতে) | Sentence Adverb, Adverb of Time/Frequency (sometimes) | Yesterday, he came here. Suddenly, the lights went out. Unfortunately, she failed. |
Mid Position (Verb-এর কাছে) | Adverb of Frequency (always, never, often, usually) | She always comes early. He never tells lies. They often play cricket. |
End Position (বাক্যের শেষে) | Adverb of Manner, Place, Time (সাধারণত এই ক্রমে) | She sings beautifully. (manner) He went home. (place) She arrived yesterday. (time) |
End Position-এ Adverb-এর ক্রম: Manner → Place → Time |
গুরুত্বপূর্ণ নিয়ম |
When multiple adverbs appear at the end of a sentence, the standard order is: Manner → Place → Time (MPT Rule). অর্থাৎ How → Where → When। এই ক্রম মনে রাখুন: 'She danced beautifully (manner) at the party (place) last night (time).' |
✦ She spoke clearly (manner) in the meeting (place) yesterday (time). |
✦ He ran quickly (manner) to the station (place) in the morning (time). |
✦ They played well (manner) here (place) today (time). |
✦ She sat quietly (manner) in the corner (place) all night (time). |
✦ He worked hard (manner) at the office (place) last week (time). |
NOTE | বিশেষ নিয়ম: Adverb of Manner সাধারণত বাক্যের শেষে বসে। কিন্তু Passive Voice-এ এটি Past Participle-এর আগে বসতে পারে। যেমন: 'The national anthem was proudly sung.' তাছাড়া Adverb of Place, Time-এর আগে আসে। |
Mid-Position-এ Adverb-এর বিস্তারিত নিয়ম |
নিয়ম | উদাহরণ |
Auxiliary Verb-এর পরে ও Main Verb-এর আগে বসে | She has always loved music. / He can never lie. / You should always be honest. |
'be' Verb-এর পরে বসে | She is always happy. / They are often late. / He is never rude. |
Short Adverb (also, just, still, even) Main Verb-এর আগে | I just finished the work. / She also came. / He still believes it. |
Negative Adverb (never, rarely, seldom) — Subject + Aux + Main Verb | He has never been to London. / She rarely goes out. / They seldom argue. |
একাধিক Auxiliary থাকলে প্রথম Aux-এর পরে | He could always have told the truth. / She might never have known. |
5. Adverb-এর Degrees of Comparison |
Adverb-এর তুলনামূলক রূপ |
Adverbs, like Adjectives, have three degrees of comparison: Positive, Comparative, and Superlative. Adverb-এরও তিনটি তুলনামূলক রূপ রয়েছে। এক Syllable-এর Adverb-এ -er/-est এবং দুই বা ততোধিক Syllable-এর Adverb-এ more/most যোগ করা হয়। |
Positive | Comparative | Superlative | উদাহরণ |
fast | faster | fastest | He runs faster than me. |
hard | harder | hardest | She works hardest of all. |
late | later | latest | He arrived later than expected. |
early | earlier | earliest | She woke up earliest today. |
high | higher | highest | The eagle flies highest. |
long | longer | longest | He stayed longest at the party. |
soon | sooner | soonest | The sooner, the better. |
near | nearer | nearest | Come nearer to me. |
quickly | more quickly | most quickly | She finished most quickly. |
carefully | more carefully | most carefully | He drives most carefully. |
beautifully | more beautifully | most beautifully | She sings most beautifully. |
easily | more easily | most easily | He solved it most easily. |
well | better | best | She plays better than him. |
badly | worse | worst | He performed worst of all. |
much | more | most | She helps more than anyone. |
little | less | least | He talks least among friends. |
far | farther/further | farthest/furthest | He went the farthest. |
6. গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ব্যাকরণিক নিয়ম (Key Grammar Rules) |
নিয়ম ১: 'Enough'-এর অবস্থান |
ব্যাখ্যা |
'Enough' যখন Adverb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়, তখন এটি সর্বদা Adjective বা Adverb-এর পরে বসে, আগে নয়। |
✦ She is old enough to vote. (সঠিক — enough after 'old') |
✦ He runs fast enough to catch the bus. (সঠিক) |
✦ She is enough old to vote. (ভুল — enough আগে বসবে না) |
✦ Is the room warm enough? (সঠিক) |
✦ He did not sleep well enough last night. (সঠিক) |
নিয়ম ২: 'Too'-এর ব্যবহার |
ব্যাখ্যা |
'Too' Adverb of Degree হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয় এবং নেতিবাচক অর্থ প্রকাশ করে। এর পর সাধারণত Infinitive (to + verb) আসে। 'Too...to' মানে 'এতটাই...যে পারে না'। |
✦ He is too weak to walk. (সে এতটাই দুর্বল যে হাঁটতে পারে না) |
✦ The tea is too hot to drink. |
✦ She is too young to understand this. |
✦ It was too late to apologize. |
✦ He spoke too fast for me to understand. |
নিয়ম ৩: 'Very' বনাম 'Much' |
ব্যাখ্যা |
'Very' ব্যবহার হয় Positive Degree-এর Adjective/Adverb-এর আগে। 'Much' ব্যবহার হয় Comparative Degree-এর আগে এবং Past Participle-এর আগে (Adjective হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত না হলে)। |
✦ She is very beautiful. (সঠিক — positive adjective) |
✦ He runs very fast. (সঠিক — positive adverb) |
✦ She is much more intelligent. (সঠিক — comparative) |
✦ I am much tired. (ভুল) → I am very tired. (সঠিক) |
✦ He is much obliged. (সঠিক — past participle used as adj) |
✦ The work is much better now. (সঠিক — comparative) |
নিয়ম ৪: Negative Adverb-এর পরে Inverted Word Order |
ব্যাখ্যা |
কিছু Negative বা Restrictive Adverb বাক্যের শুরুতে বসলে Subject ও Auxiliary Verb-এর স্থান পরিবর্তন হয় (Inversion হয়)। এই গঠনটি Formal ও Written English-এ ব্যবহৃত হয়। |
✦ Never have I seen such a beautiful sight. (Never → inversion) |
✦ Seldom does he speak in public. (Seldom → inversion) |
✦ Hardly had I reached home when it rained. (Hardly → inversion) |
✦ Not only did he win, but he also set a record. (Not only → inversion) |
✦ Rarely does she make a mistake. (Rarely → inversion) |
✦ No sooner had he arrived than she left. (No sooner → inversion) |
✦ Under no circumstances should you lie. (Negative phrase → inversion) |
নিয়ম ৫: 'Yet' ও 'Already'-এর সঠিক ব্যবহার |
ব্যাখ্যা |
'Already' ব্যবহার হয় Affirmative ও Interrogative বাক্যে এবং বোঝায় প্রত্যাশার আগেই কাজ হয়ে গেছে। 'Yet' ব্যবহার হয় Negative বা Interrogative বাক্যে। 'Still' ব্যবহার হয় অব্যাহত কিছু বোঝাতে। |
✦ He has already finished his work. (ইতিমধ্যেই শেষ — positive) |
✦ Have you finished yet? (এখনও শেষ করেছ? — question) |
✦ He has not come yet. (এখনো আসেনি — negative) |
✦ Are you still waiting? (এখনো অপেক্ষা করছ? — continuing) |
✦ She is still sleeping. (এখনো ঘুমাচ্ছে) |
নিয়ম ৬: 'Just'-এর বিভিন্ন ব্যবহার |
ব্যাখ্যা |
'Just' বিভিন্ন অর্থে ব্যবহৃত হয়: (ক) মাত্র এইমাত্র (recently), (খ) ঠিক (exactly), (গ) কেবলমাত্র (only)। এটি সাধারণত Main Verb-এর আগে এবং Auxiliary-এর পরে বসে। |
✦ She has just arrived. (মাত্র এইমাত্র এসেছে — recently) |
✦ It is just what I wanted. (ঠিক যা চাইছিলাম — exactly) |
✦ Just wait here. (শুধু এখানে অপেক্ষা করো — only) |
✦ He just smiled and left. (শুধু হাসল এবং চলে গেল) |
✦ That is just perfect! (ঠিক নিখুঁত!) |
7. Adverb বনাম Adjective — পার্থক্য ও ভুল এড়ানোর কৌশল |
মূল পার্থক্য |
Adjective modifies Noun/Pronoun. Adverb modifies Verb, Adjective, or another Adverb. বাক্যে কোন শব্দটি Modify হচ্ছে তা বের করলেই বোঝা যাবে। |
Adjective ব্যবহার (সঠিক) | Adverb ব্যবহার (সঠিক) |
He is a good singer. (good modifies 'singer') | He sings well. (well modifies 'sings') |
She is a slow typist. (slow modifies 'typist') | She types slowly. (slowly modifies 'types') |
He was brave in the battle. (brave → predicative adj) | He fought bravely. (bravely modifies 'fought') |
It is a hard question. (hard modifies 'question') | He works hard. (hard modifies 'works') |
This is a fast train. (fast modifies 'train') | The train runs fast. (fast modifies 'runs') |
The flower smells sweet. (sweet → after sense verb) | She sweetly smiled at him. (sweetly modifies 'smiled') |
She looks beautiful today. (beautiful → after 'looks') | She dresses beautifully. (beautifully modifies 'dresses') |
NOTE | Sense Verbs (look, feel, smell, taste, sound, seem, appear, become, grow, turn, remain, keep)-এর পরে Adjective বসে, Adverb নয়। যেমন: 'She looks beautiful' (সঠিক), 'She looks beautifully' (ভুল)। তবে 'She looked carefully at the picture' — এখানে 'looked' মানে observed, তাই Adverb সঠিক। |
সাধারণ ভুল ও সংশোধন (Common Mistakes) |
ভুল বাক্য (Incorrect) | সঠিক বাক্য (Correct) |
She sings beautiful. | She sings beautifully. |
He did the work quick. | He did the work quickly. |
She is real happy. | She is really happy. |
He speaks English good. | He speaks English well. |
I am enough tired. | I am tired enough. / I am very tired. |
She works more harder. | She works harder. (Double comparative — ভুল) |
He is too much tired. | He is too tired. / He is very tired. |
She hardly ever does not help. | She hardly ever helps. (Double negative — ভুল) |
He drove careful. | He drove carefully. |
The movie was real interesting. | The movie was really interesting. |
8. বিভ্রান্তিকর Adverb — পার্থক্য সহ (Confusable Adverbs) |
Hard vs Hardly |
শব্দ | বাংলা অর্থ | উদাহরণ বাক্য |
Hard (Adverb of Manner) | কঠোরভাবে / কঠিনভাবে | He works hard. / She tried hard but failed. |
Hardly (Adverb of Degree) | প্রায় না (near-negative) | He hardly works. (= সে প্রায় কাজই করে না) / I can hardly believe it. |
Late vs Lately |
শব্দ | বাংলা অর্থ | উদাহরণ বাক্য |
Late (Adverb of Time) | দেরিতে / বিলম্বে | He arrived late. / The train came late. |
Lately (Adverb of Time) | সম্প্রতি / ইদানীং | I have not seen him lately. / She has been busy lately. |
Near vs Nearly |
শব্দ | বাংলা অর্থ | উদাহরণ বাক্য |
Near (Adverb of Place) | কাছে (শারীরিক দূরত্ব) | Come near. / He lives near. / The school is near. |
Nearly (Adverb of Degree) | প্রায় (প্রায় সম্পূর্ণ) | She is nearly finished. / He nearly fell down. / It is nearly midnight. |
High vs Highly |
শব্দ | বাংলা অর্থ | উদাহরণ বাক্য |
High (Adverb of Place/Manner) | উপরে (শারীরিকভাবে) | The eagle flies high. / He jumped high. |
Highly (Adverb of Degree) | অত্যন্ত / অধিক মাত্রায় | She is highly educated. / He is highly recommended. / I think highly of him. |
Deep vs Deeply |
শব্দ | বাংলা অর্থ | উদাহরণ বাক্য |
Deep (Adverb of Place/Manner) | গভীরে (শারীরিকভাবে) | He dug deep into the ground. / The fish swam deep. |
Deeply (Adverb of Degree) | গভীরভাবে (আবেগ/মনোভাব) | She was deeply moved. / He deeply regrets his mistake. / I am deeply grateful. |
Wide vs Widely |
শব্দ | বাংলা অর্থ | উদাহরণ বাক্য |
Wide (Adverb of Manner) | চওড়াভাবে / পুরোপুরি খোলা | Open your mouth wide. / The door was wide open. |
Widely (Adverb of Degree) | ব্যাপকভাবে | It is widely believed. / She is widely known. / He has traveled widely. |
Most vs Mostly |
শব্দ | বাংলা অর্থ | উদাহরণ বাক্য |
Most (Superlative Adverb) | সবচেয়ে বেশি | She works most efficiently. / He eats the most. |
Mostly (Adverb of Frequency/Degree) | বেশিরভাগ ক্ষেত্রে / প্রধানত | The students are mostly absent. / She mostly eats vegetables. |
9. Adverbial Clause (ক্রিয়া বিশেষণীয় উপবাক্য) |
সংজ্ঞা |
An Adverbial Clause is a group of words that functions as an adverb, modifying a verb, adjective, or adverb in the main clause. It is introduced by a subordinating conjunction. Adverbial Clause একটি Dependent Clause যা Adverb-এর মতো কাজ করে এবং Main Clause-এর Verb, Adjective বা Adverb-কে Modify করে। |
ধরন | Conjunction (যোজক) | উদাহরণ |
Clause of Time (সময়) | when, while, as, after, before, since, until, till, as soon as, whenever, once | When he arrived, everyone stood up. I will wait until she comes. |
Clause of Place (স্থান) | where, wherever, everywhere | Stay where you are. Wherever he goes, he makes friends. |
Clause of Manner (রীতি) | as, as if, as though, in the way that | She danced as if no one was watching. Do as I say. |
Clause of Reason (কারণ) | because, since, as, for, seeing that | She stayed home because she was ill. Since it was raining, we stayed inside. |
Clause of Purpose (উদ্দেশ্য) | so that, in order that, lest, for fear that | He studied hard so that he could pass. Speak clearly lest they misunderstand. |
Clause of Result (ফলাফল) | so...that, such...that | He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. It was such a hot day that nobody went out. |
Clause of Condition (শর্ত) | if, unless, provided that, on condition that, in case | If you work hard, you will succeed. Unless you hurry, you will miss the bus. |
Clause of Concession (স্বীকৃতি সত্ত্বেও) | although, though, even though, even if, however | Although she was tired, she kept working. Even though it rained, they played. |
Clause of Comparison (তুলনা) | than, as...as, not so...as | She is taller than her mother is. He runs as fast as a cheetah. |
10. পরীক্ষায় গুরুত্বপূর্ণ Adverb শব্দ তালিকা |
BCS ও Bank পরীক্ষায় বারবার আসা Adverb শব্দসমূহ:
Adverb | অর্থ | Adverb | অর্থ |
Abruptly | হঠাৎভাবে | Meticulously | সূক্ষ্মভাবে |
Allegedly | অভিযোগ অনুযায়ী | Momentarily | ক্ষণিকভাবে |
Apparently | আপাতদৃষ্টে | Mutually | পরস্পরভাবে |
Appropriately | যথাযথভাবে | Necessarily | অনিবার্যভাবে |
Approximately | প্রায়/আনুমানিক | Nevertheless | তথাপি |
Arbitrarily | স্বেচ্ছাচারীভাবে | Nominally | নামেমাত্র |
Authentically | প্রামাণিকভাবে | Notably | উল্লেখযোগ্যভাবে |
Blatantly | নির্লজ্জভাবে | Notoriously | কুখ্যাতভাবে |
Boldly | সাহসিকভাবে | Objectively | নিরপেক্ষভাবে |
Chronologically | কালানুক্রমিকভাবে | Occasionally | মাঝে মাঝে |
Consequently | ফলস্বরূপ | Persistently | অবিরামভাবে |
Conversely | বিপরীতভাবে | Presumably | সম্ভবত |
Critically | সমালোচনামূলকভাবে | Primarily | প্রাথমিকভাবে |
Deliberately | ইচ্ছাকৃতভাবে | Proportionally | আনুপাতিকভাবে |
Drastically | চরমভাবে | Rapidly | দ্রুতগতিতে |
Effectively | কার্যকরভাবে | Regardless | তদসত্ত্বেও |
Enormously | বিশাল পরিমাণে | Reluctantly | অনিচ্ছাসত্ত্বেও |
Eventually | পরিশেষে | Remarkably | উল্লেখযোগ্যভাবে |
Exclusively | একচেটিয়াভাবে | Rigorously | কঠোরভাবে |
Explicitly | স্পষ্টভাবে | Significantly | উল্লেখযোগ্যভাবে |
Gradually | ক্রমান্বয়ে | Simultaneously | একই সাথে |
Henceforth | অতঃপর | Spontaneously | স্বতঃস্ফূর্তভাবে |
Inherently | স্বভাবতই | Subsequently | পরবর্তীকালে |
Ironically | পরিহাসের বিষয় | Substantially | উল্লেখযোগ্য পরিমাণে |
Legitimately | বৈধভাবে | Unanimously | সর্বসম্মতভাবে |
Literally | আক্ষরিক অর্থে | Undoubtedly | নিঃসন্দেহে |
Manifestly | স্পষ্টভাবে | Vehemently | তীব্রভাবে |
11. পরীক্ষায় বারবার আসা বিষয়সমূহ (Most Tested Topics) |
# | বিষয় | নিয়ম | উদাহরণ |
01 | Hard / Hardly | 'Hard' = কঠোরভাবে (positive). 'Hardly' = প্রায় না (negative)। | He works hard. / He hardly works. |
02 | Late / Lately | 'Late' = দেরিতে। 'Lately' = সম্প্রতি। | He came late. / I haven't seen him lately. |
03 | Near / Nearly | 'Near' = কাছে (place). 'Nearly' = প্রায় (degree)। | Come near. / She nearly cried. |
04 | Too / Very | 'Too' = অতিরিক্ত (নেতিবাচক ফলাফল সহ). 'Very' = অনেক বেশি। | Too hot to drink. / Very hot today. |
05 | Enough-এর অবস্থান | 'Enough' সবসময় Adj/Adv-এর পরে বসে। | old enough / fast enough (never 'enough old') |
06 | Frequency Adverb অবস্থান | Main Verb-এর আগে, 'be'/Auxiliary-এর পরে। | She always sings. / He is never late. |
07 | Inverted word order | Negative Adverb বাক্যের শুরুতে এলে Inversion হয়। | Never have I seen this. / Seldom does he come. |
08 | Sentence Adverb (comma) | Sentence Adverb বাক্যের শুরুতে বসলে comma লাগে। | Unfortunately, he failed. / Obviously, she knew. |
09 | MPT Order | Manner → Place → Time ক্রমে End Position-এ বসে। | She sang beautifully at the concert yesterday. |
10 | Well vs Good | 'Good' Adjective। 'Well' Adverb (ভালোভাবে) বা Adjective (সুস্থ)। | He speaks well. / He is well (সুস্থ). |
11 | Double Negative ভুল | একটি বাক্যে দুটি Negative ব্যবহার করা যাবে না। | I don't know nothing (ভুল) → I know nothing (সঠিক). |
12 | Hardly/Scarcely + when/before | Hardly/Scarcely-এর পরে 'when' বা 'before' আসে (not 'than')। | Hardly had I slept when the phone rang. |
12. দ্রুত পুনরালোচনা (Quick Revision Summary) |
Adverb-এর ১০ প্রকার: ① Manner (beautifully, well) ② Time (now, yesterday, already) ③ Place (here, there, outside) ④ Frequency (always, never, often, sometimes) ⑤ Degree (very, too, quite, enough, almost) ⑥ Reason (therefore, hence, thus) ⑦ Affirmation/Negation (yes, not, never) ⑧ Interrogative (when, where, why, how) ⑨ Relative (when, where, why, how — clause-এ) ⑩ Sentence/Conjunctive (however, moreover, consequently) |
Formation Rules: সাধারণ: quick→quickly -le শেষ: gentle→gently -y শেষ: happy→happily -ic শেষ: basic→basically একই রূপ: fast, hard, late, early, well Exception: good→well |
Position Rules (MPT): Front: Sentence Adverbs, Time Mid: Frequency (always/never after aux, before main verb) End: Manner→Place→Time Inversion: Negative adverb বাক্যের শুরুতে এলে Subject-Auxiliary বিপরীত হয় |
Key Distinctions: Hard vs Hardly Late vs Lately Near vs Nearly High vs Highly Deep vs Deeply Wide vs Widely Most vs Mostly Hard/Scarcely + when (not 'than') |
Too vs Very vs Enough: Very = নিরপেক্ষ অনেক Too = অতিরিক্ত (নেতিবাচক, সাথে infinitive) Enough = যথেষ্ট (Adj/Adv-এর পরে) Too...to = এতটাই...যে পারে না Enough to = যথেষ্ট...কারণে পারে |
Frequency Order (100% → 0%): always → usually → generally → often → sometimes → seldom/rarely → hardly ever → never Mid-position: He always sings. / She is never late. / They have often played. |