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CHAPTER NARRATION / DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH
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১. NARRATION কী? — সংজ্ঞা ও মূল ধারণা
Narration কী?
অন্য কারো কথা বা বক্তব্য আমরা যখন অন্যের কাছে বলি বা লিখি, তাকে Narration বলে। Narration দুটি ভাগে বিভক্ত:
① Direct Speech (প্রত্যক্ষ উক্তি): বক্তার কথা হুবহু উদ্ধৃতি চিহ্নে তুলে ধরা হয়।
② Indirect Speech (পরোক্ষ উক্তি): বক্তার কথা নিজের ভাষায় (Reporting করে) বলা হয়।
বৈশিষ্ট্য | Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
উদ্ধৃতি চিহ্ন | ✅ আছে (", ") | ❌ নেই |
Conjunction | ❌ নেই | ✅ that / if / whether / wh-word |
Tense | বক্তার মূল Tense | পরিস্থিতি অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত |
Pronoun | বক্তার মূল Pronoun | পরিস্থিতি অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত |
Adverb | now, here, today, tomorrow... | then, there, that day, the next day... |
উদাহরণ | He said, "I am happy." | He said that he was happy. |
Narration-এর দুটি অংশ
Reporting Verb: বাক্যের যে অংশে বলা হয় 'কে বলল' — said, told, asked, replied ইত্যাদি।
Reported Speech: উদ্ধৃতি চিহ্নের ভেতরে যা বলা হয়েছে।
Example: He said [Reporting Verb], "I am happy" [Reported Speech].
২. NARRATION-এর মূল সূত্রসমূহ — ৮টি GOLDEN RULES
Rule 1: Reporting Verb পরিবর্তন — said vs told
পরিস্থিতি | Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
Object নেই | He said, "..." | He said that... |
Object আছে | He said to me, "..." | He told me that... |
Object আছে | She said to him, "..." | She told him that... |
সাধারণ নিয়ম | said → said (Object ছাড়া) | said to → told (Object থাকলে) |
⛔ 'told to' কখনো বলে না!
He told to me that he was busy. ❌
He told me that he was busy. ✅ ('to' বাদ দাও)
I said to him... ✅ | I told to him... ❌
Rule 2: Tense পরিবর্তনের মূলনীতি
Reporting Verb যদি Past Tense-এ থাকে → Reported Speech-এর Tense একধাপ পিছিয়ে যায়।
Reporting Verb যদি Present বা Future Tense-এ থাকে → Reported Speech-এর Tense পরিবর্তন হয় না।
Direct Speech-এর Tense | Indirect Speech-এ পরিবর্তন | উদাহরণ (Direct) | উদাহরণ (Indirect) |
Simple Present | Simple Past | I am happy. | he was happy. |
Present Continuous | Past Continuous | I am reading. | he was reading. |
Present Perfect | Past Perfect | I have finished. | he had finished. |
Present Perfect Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous | I have been working. | he had been working. |
Simple Past | Past Perfect | He came. | he had come. |
Past Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous | He was reading. | he had been reading. |
Past Perfect | Past Perfect (কোনো পরিবর্তন নেই) | He had gone. | he had gone. |
will / shall | would / should | I will help. | he would help. |
can / may | could / might | I can swim. | he could swim. |
must / need | had to / needed to | I must go. | he had to go. |
💡 Tense পরিবর্তন কখন হয় না?
① Universal Truth / Scientific Fact: He said, 'The sun rises in the east.' → He said that the sun rises in the east. (rises → rises, কোনো পরিবর্তন নেই)
② Historical Fact: He said, 'Shakib is a great cricketer.' → He said that Shakib is a great cricketer.
③ Reporting Verb Present/Future-এ: She says, 'I am busy.' → She says that she is busy.
④ Habitual Truth: He said, 'Honesty is the best policy.' → He said that honesty is the best policy.
⑤ Used to / would (past habit): He said, 'I used to smoke.' → He said that he used to smoke.
Rule 3: Pronoun পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম
অবস্থান | নিয়ম | উদাহরণ |
1st Person (I, we, me, us, my, our) | Subject-এর মতো হয় | I → he/she/they (Subject অনুযায়ী) |
2nd Person (you, your) | Object-এর মতো হয় | you → me/him/her (Object অনুযায়ী) |
3rd Person (he, she, it, they) | কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না | he → he / she → she |
সহজ নিয়ম: 1st Person → Subject, 2nd Person → Object, 3rd Person → অপরিবর্তিত
She said to me, "I like your book."
→ She told me that she [I→she/Subject] liked my [your→my/Object] book.
Rule 4: Adverb ও Expression পরিবর্তন
Direct Speech-এ | Indirect Speech-এ |
now | then |
here | there |
today | that day |
yesterday | the day before / the previous day |
tomorrow | the next day / the following day |
this | that |
these | those |
last night | the previous night / the night before |
last week | the previous week |
next week | the following week / the next week |
ago | before |
thus | so |
come | go |
hence | thence |
Rule 5: Modal Verbs পরিবর্তন
Direct Speech-এ Modal | Indirect Speech-এ Modal | বিশেষ নোট |
will | would | সব বিষয়ে |
shall | should / would | 1st person-এ → should |
can | could | ক্ষমতা/সম্ভাবনা |
may | might | অনুমতি/সম্ভাবনা |
must | had to | obligation |
need | needed to | প্রয়োজন |
ought to | ought to | পরিবর্তন নেই |
used to | used to | পরিবর্তন নেই |
would | would | পরিবর্তন নেই |
could | could | পরিবর্তন নেই |
৩. ASSERTIVE SENTENCE — ঘোষণামূলক বাক্যের NARRATION
সূত্র (Formula):
Direct → Indirect: Reporting Verb + that + Subject + Verb (পরিবর্তিত) + ...
মনে রাখুন: said → said | said to → told | Inverted Comma → that
✎ Direct: She said, "I am very tired today." ↳ Indirect: She said that she was very tired that day. 📌 today→that day, am→was, I→she |
✎ Direct: He said to me, "I will call you tomorrow." ↳ Indirect: He told me that he would call me the next day. 📌 said to me→told me, will→would, you→me, I→he |
✎ Direct: The teacher said, "The earth moves round the sun." ↳ Indirect: The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun. 📌 Universal truth — Tense পরিবর্তন নেই! |
✎ Direct: She said to him, "I am reading your book." ↳ Indirect: She told him that she was reading his book. 📌 I→she, your→his, am reading→was reading |
✎ Direct: He said, "I have completed my work." ↳ Indirect: He said that he had completed his work. 📌 have completed→had completed, my→his |
✎ Direct: They said, "We were watching a movie last night." ↳ Indirect: They said that they had been watching a movie the previous night. 📌 were watching→had been watching, last night→the previous night |
✎ Direct: Mother said to me, "You must eat your vegetables." ↳ Indirect: Mother told me that I had to eat my vegetables. 📌 said to→told, must→had to, you→I, your→my |
✎ Direct: She said, "He had already left when I arrived." ↳ Indirect: She said that he had already left when she arrived. 📌 Past Perfect → Past Perfect (no change) |
✎ Direct: He said to us, "I can solve this problem easily." ↳ Indirect: He told us that he could solve that problem easily. 📌 said to→told, can→could, this→that |
✎ Direct: She said, "I may go to Dhaka tomorrow." ↳ Indirect: She said that she might go to Dhaka the next day. 📌 may→might, tomorrow→the next day |
💡 Assertive Narration — গুরুত্বপূর্ণ টিপস
① 'said to' আছে এবং Object আছে → 'told' লিখুন
② 'said to' আছে কিন্তু Object নেই → 'said' লিখুন
③ Reporting Verb Past-এ → Reported Speech-এর Tense একধাপ পিছাবে
④ Universal truth / Scientific fact / Habitual truth → Tense পরিবর্তন নেই
⑤ Pronoun: I → he/she (Subject-এর মতো), you → him/me (Object-এর মতো)
৪. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE — প্রশ্নবাচক বাক্যের NARRATION
প্রশ্নবাচক বাক্যের Narration-এ দুটি ভাগ:
① Yes/No Question (হ্যাঁ/না প্রশ্ন): Did you...? Are you...? → Conjunction: if / whether
② Wh- Question (Who/What/Where/When/Why/How): → Conjunction: wh-word নিজেই
Yes/No Question সূত্র
Said to + 'Did/Do/Are/Is...' → asked + if/whether + Subject + Verb (Statement Order)
✴ বিশেষ নিয়ম: Question Form → Statement Form হয় (Verb + Subject → Subject + Verb)
✎ Direct: He said to me, "Do you know her?" ↳ Indirect: He asked me if I knew her. 📌 said to→asked, Do you→if I, know→knew |
✎ Direct: She said to him, "Are you feeling better now?" ↳ Indirect: She asked him if he was feeling better then. 📌 Are you→if he, now→then |
✎ Direct: He said to me, "Have you ever been to Chittagong?" ↳ Indirect: He asked me if I had ever been to Chittagong. 📌 Have you→if I had |
✎ Direct: The teacher said to us, "Did you complete your homework?" ↳ Indirect: The teacher asked us if we had completed our homework. 📌 said to→asked, Did you→if we had, your→our |
✎ Direct: She said, "Can I borrow your pen?" ↳ Indirect: She asked if she could borrow my pen. 📌 Can I→if she could, your→my |
Wh- Question সূত্র
Said to + 'Where/When/What...' → asked + Wh-word + Subject + Verb (Statement Order)
✴ Wh-word নিজেই Conjunction হয় — 'if/whether' লাগে না।
✎ Direct: He said to her, "Where are you going?" ↳ Indirect: He asked her where she was going. 📌 wh-word 'where' = conjunction |
✎ Direct: She said to him, "When will you come back?" ↳ Indirect: She asked him when he would come back. 📌 will→would |
✎ Direct: The officer said to me, "Why did you come late?" ↳ Indirect: The officer asked me why I had come late. 📌 did you come→I had come |
✎ Direct: He said to her, "What are you thinking about now?" ↳ Indirect: He asked her what she was thinking about then. 📌 now→then |
✎ Direct: She said to him, "How long have you been waiting here?" ↳ Indirect: She asked him how long he had been waiting there. 📌 here→there, have been→had been |
⛔ Interrogative Narration-এর সাধারণ ভুল
Question form রেখে দেওয়া: He asked me where was she going. ❌
সঠিক (Statement order): He asked me where she was going. ✅
'if' ও 'wh-word' একসাথে: He asked if where she was going. ❌ → He asked where she was going. ✅
Question mark রেখে দেওয়া: He asked me if I knew her? ❌ → He asked me if I knew her. ✅
৫. IMPERATIVE SENTENCE — আদেশ/অনুরোধ/নিষেধ বাক্যের NARRATION
Imperative Sentence-এর সূত্র:
Positive: Said to → ordered/requested/advised/begged/urged/told + Object + to + V1
Negative: Said to → ordered/forbidden/advised + Object + not to + V1
Direct Speech-এ | Reporting Verb হবে |
"Do this!" (আদেশ, কঠোর) | ordered / commanded |
"Please do this." (অনুরোধ) | requested / begged / implored |
"You should do this." (পরামর্শ) | advised / suggested |
"Don't do this!" (নিষেধ) | forbade / ordered not to / warned not to |
"Let's go." (প্রস্তাব) | proposed / suggested |
"Please help me." (মিনতি) | begged / entreated / implored |
✎ Direct: The teacher said to us, "Open your books." ↳ Indirect: The teacher ordered/told us to open our books. 📌 Order = ordered |
✎ Direct: She said to me, "Please wait for a moment." ↳ Indirect: She requested/begged me to wait for a moment. 📌 Please = requested |
✎ Direct: The doctor said to him, "Don't eat junk food." ↳ Indirect: The doctor advised/told him not to eat junk food. 📌 Negative = not to |
✎ Direct: He said to her, "Don't disturb me while I am working." ↳ Indirect: He told her not to disturb him while he was working. 📌 Negative + Tense change |
✎ Direct: The captain said to the soldiers, "Stand at ease." ↳ Indirect: The captain commanded the soldiers to stand at ease. 📌 Military = commanded |
✎ Direct: She said to him, "Let us go for a walk." ↳ Indirect: She proposed/suggested to him that they should go for a walk. 📌 Let us = proposed/suggested |
✎ Direct: Mother said to me, "Go to bed now." ↳ Indirect: Mother told me to go to bed then. 📌 now→then |
✎ Direct: The guard said to them, "Halt! Don't move." ↳ Indirect: The guard ordered them to halt and not to move. 📌 Two commands joined with 'and' |
💡 'Let us' vs 'Let him/her/them' পার্থক্য
Let us go. → proposed/suggested that they should go.
Let me go. → requested to be allowed to go.
Let him go. → requested/suggested that he should be allowed to go.
Let there be light. → prayed/wished that there might be light.
৬. EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE — বিস্ময়বোধক বাক্যের NARRATION
Exclamatory Sentence-এর সূত্র:
Said + Exclamatory word → exclaimed with joy/sorrow/surprise/disgust + that + Statement
What/How + ... ! → very + Adjective (What a beautiful! → very beautiful)
Direct Speech-এ | Indirect Speech-এ Reporting Verb |
Alas! (দুঃখ) | exclaimed with sorrow |
Hurrah! / Hurray! (আনন্দ) | exclaimed with joy |
Bravo! (শাবাশ) | exclaimed with appreciation / applauded |
What a...! / How...! (বিস্ময়) | exclaimed with surprise / exclaimed with joy |
Wow! (মুগ্ধতা) | exclaimed with wonder |
Oh! (অবাক / দুঃখ) | exclaimed with surprise / regret |
Ugh! / Fie! (ঘৃণা) | exclaimed with disgust |
Good God! (আতঙ্ক) | exclaimed with alarm |
✎ Direct: She said, "Alas! I have failed again." ↳ Indirect: She exclaimed with sorrow that she had failed again. 📌 Alas→exclaimed with sorrow |
✎ Direct: He said, "Hurrah! We have won the match!" ↳ Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that they had won the match. 📌 Hurrah→exclaimed with joy |
✎ Direct: She said, "What a beautiful painting it is!" ↳ Indirect: She exclaimed with joy that it was a very beautiful painting. 📌 What a beautiful→very beautiful |
✎ Direct: He said, "How clever she is!" ↳ Indirect: He exclaimed with surprise that she was very clever. 📌 How clever→very clever |
✎ Direct: The crowd said, "Bravo! What a wonderful performance!" ↳ Indirect: The crowd applauded and exclaimed with admiration that it was a very wonderful performance. |
✎ Direct: She said to him, "Congratulations! You have passed the exam." ↳ Indirect: She congratulated him and said that he had passed the exam. |
⛔ What a / How → 'very' হয়ে যায়!
What a beautiful girl she is! → she was a very beautiful girl (NOT: what a beautiful)
How tall he is! → he was very tall (NOT: how tall)
Exclamation mark (!) → Full stop (.) হয়
'said' → 'exclaimed with joy/sorrow/surprise...' হয় (said থাকে না)
৭. OPTATIVE SENTENCE — প্রার্থনামূলক বাক্যের NARRATION
Optative Sentence-এর সূত্র:
Said + May God / Wish... → prayed/wished/hoped + that + Subject + might + V1
✎ Direct: She said, "May God bless you!" ↳ Indirect: She prayed that God might bless me. 📌 said→prayed, May→might |
✎ Direct: He said, "May you live long!" ↳ Indirect: He wished that I might live long. 📌 May→might |
✎ Direct: They said, "May the departed soul rest in peace!" ↳ Indirect: They prayed that the departed soul might rest in peace. |
✎ Direct: She said, "I wish I were a bird!" ↳ Indirect: She wished that she were a bird. 📌 Wish = Unreal → were (no change in Subjunctive) |
৮. ট্রিকি ও আনকমন RULES — পরীক্ষার ফাঁদ
Tricky Rule 1: 'Sir / Madam / Your Honour' থাকলে
Reporting-এ 'Sir / Madam' ব্যবহার হলে Indirect-এ 'respectfully' যোগ করতে হয়।
'Dear / Darling / My beloved' → lovingly / affectionately
✎ Direct: He said to her, "Madam, can I help you?" ↳ Indirect: He asked her respectfully if he could help her. |
✎ Direct: She said to him, "My dear, please take care of yourself." ↳ Indirect: She lovingly/affectionately requested him to take care of himself. |
Tricky Rule 2: 'Yes' / 'No' উত্তর
"Yes" → answered in the affirmative | "No" → answered in the negative
✎ Direct: He said, "No." ↳ Indirect: He answered in the negative. |
✎ Direct: She said, "Yes, I can do it." ↳ Indirect: She answered in the affirmative and said that she could do it. |
Tricky Rule 3: দুটি বাক্য একসাথে
✎ Direct: She said, "I am tired. I need rest." ↳ Indirect: She said that she was tired and that she needed rest. 📌 and that দিয়ে যোগ করো |
✎ Direct: He said, "Come in. Have a seat." ↳ Indirect: He asked me to come in and have a seat. 📌 দুটি Imperative — and দিয়ে যোগ |
Tricky Rule 4: Conditional Sentence (If Clause)
If Clause-এ Present Tense থাকলে Indirect-এ Past হয়।
If I + go (Present) → If she + went (Past) | will → would
✎ Direct: She said to me, "If you work hard, you will succeed." ↳ Indirect: She told me that if I worked hard, I would succeed. 📌 both clauses change |
✎ Direct: He said, "If I had the money, I would buy a car." ↳ Indirect: He said that if he had had the money, he would have bought a car. 📌 Type 3 Conditional — both change |
Tricky Rule 5: Mixed Tense — একই বাক্যে অতীত ও বর্তমান
✎ Direct: He said, "I was sad, but now I am happy." ↳ Indirect: He said that he had been sad, but then he was happy. 📌 now→then |
✎ Direct: She said, "I know he lied to me yesterday." ↳ Indirect: She said that she knew he had lied to her the day before. 📌 know→knew, lied→had lied |
৯. REPORTING VERB-এর বৈচিত্র্য — পরীক্ষায় কাজে আসে
পরিস্থিতি | Reporting Verb হবে | উদাহরণ |
সাধারণ বক্তব্য | said, stated, remarked, declared | He said/stated that... |
অনুরোধ | requested, begged, implored, entreated | She requested him to... |
আদেশ | ordered, commanded, directed, instructed | He ordered them to... |
পরামর্শ | advised, suggested, recommended, urged | She advised him to... |
প্রশ্ন করা | asked, enquired, questioned, wanted to know | He asked whether... |
অস্বীকার | denied, refused | He denied that he had stolen. |
অভিযোগ | complained, alleged | She complained that... |
প্রতিশ্রুতি | promised, assured, pledged | He promised that he would... |
হুমকি | threatened, warned | He threatened to punish. |
সম্মতি | agreed, consented, admitted | She agreed that... |
আনন্দ প্রকাশ | exclaimed with joy, cheered | They exclaimed with joy... |
দুঃখ প্রকাশ | exclaimed with sorrow, lamented | She exclaimed with sorrow... |
অভিনন্দন | congratulated, applauded, praised | He congratulated her... |
প্রার্থনা | prayed, wished, hoped | They prayed that... |
১০. SOLVED EXAMPLES — RAPID FIRE (৪৯–৮০)
Mixed Sentence Types
✎ Direct: He said, "I must study hard to pass the exam." ↳ Indirect: He said that he had to study hard to pass the exam. 📌 must→had to |
✎ Direct: She said to me, "Your plan is excellent." ↳ Indirect: She told me that my plan was excellent. 📌 said to→told, your→my |
✎ Direct: He said, "I wish I could help you." ↳ Indirect: He wished that he could help me. 📌 wish=subjunctive mood |
✎ Direct: The PM said, "We will fight against corruption." ↳ Indirect: The PM said that they would fight against corruption. |
✎ Direct: She said, "How long have I been waiting?" ↳ Indirect: She asked how long she had been waiting. 📌 How long = wh-word, question→statement |
✎ Direct: He said to her, "Don't cry. Everything will be fine." ↳ Indirect: He asked her not to cry and assured her that everything would be fine. |
✎ Direct: The teacher said to the students, "Open your books and read chapter 5." ↳ Indirect: The teacher told the students to open their books and read chapter 5. 📌 Two imperatives |
✎ Direct: She said, "What! You have deceived me?" ↳ Indirect: She exclaimed with surprise that I had deceived her. 📌 exclamatory+assertive |
✎ Direct: He said, "I have been living here since 2015." ↳ Indirect: He said that he had been living there since 2015. 📌 here→there, have been→had been |
✎ Direct: She said, "I may come tomorrow if I feel better." ↳ Indirect: She said that she might come the next day if she felt better. 📌 may→might, tomorrow→next day |
✎ Direct: He said to me, "Please don't tell anyone about this." ↳ Indirect: He requested me not to tell anyone about that. 📌 negative request |
✎ Direct: Mother said, "God bless my children." ↳ Indirect: Mother prayed that God might bless her children. 📌 Optative |
১১. PRACTICE QUESTIONS — অনুশীলন প্রশ্ন (৫০+)
Set A — MCQ (বহুনির্বাচনী — ২৫টি)
Q1. He said to me, "I will help you tomorrow." — Indirect?
(a) He told me that he will help me the next day. (b) He told me that he would help me the next day. (c) He said me that he would help me tomorrow. (d) He told me that I would help him the next day.
✅ উত্তর: (b) He told me that he would help me the next day. — said to+object→told, will→would, you→me, I→he, tomorrow→next day
Q2. She said, "Do you know me?" — Indirect?
(a) She asked me that do I know her. (b) She asked me if I knew her. (c) She told me if I knew her. (d) She asked me whether do I know her.
✅ উত্তর: (b) She asked me if I knew her. — Yes/No question → asked + if + statement order
Q3. The teacher said to the students, "Be quiet." — Indirect?
(a) The teacher told the students to be quiet. (b) The teacher said to the students to be quiet. (c) The teacher ordered to the students be quiet. (d) The teacher told to the students that they should be quiet.
✅ উত্তর: (a) The teacher told the students to be quiet. — Imperative → told + object + to + V1
Q4. He said, "What a wonderful place this is!" — Indirect?
(a) He said that what a wonderful place it was. (b) He exclaimed with joy that it was a very wonderful place. (c) He exclaimed with wonder that what a wonderful place it is. (d) He exclaimed that what a wonderful place it was.
✅ উত্তর: (b) He exclaimed with joy that it was a very wonderful place. — What a! → very, exclaimed with joy
Q5. She said, "May God help us!" — Indirect?
(a) She wished that God may help them. (b) She prayed that God might help them. (c) She said that God might help them. (d) She hoped that God will help them.
✅ উত্তর: (b) She prayed that God might help them. — Optative → prayed, may→might
Q6. He said to me, "Where have you been?" — Indirect?
(a) He asked me where had I been. (b) He asked me where I had been. (c) He enquired me that where I had been. (d) He said to me where I had been.
✅ উত্তর: (b) He asked me where I had been. — Wh-question → asked, statement order, have→had
Q7. She said, "I have finished my homework." — Indirect?
(a) She said that she has finished her homework. (b) She said that she had finished her homework. (c) She said that I had finished my homework. (d) She told that she had finished her homework.
✅ উত্তর: (b) She said that she had finished her homework. — No object → said (not told), have finished→had finished
Q8. He said to her, "Please wait for me." — Indirect?
(a) He asked her to wait for him. (b) He requested her to wait for him. (c) He told her please wait for him. (d) He ordered her to wait for him.
✅ উত্তর: (b) He requested her to wait for him. — Please = requested
Q9. Mother said to me, "Don't play in the rain." — Indirect?
(a) Mother told me don't play in the rain. (b) Mother ordered me to not play in the rain. (c) Mother told me not to play in the rain. (d) Mother forbade me that I should not play.
✅ উত্তর: (c) Mother told me not to play in the rain. — Negative imperative → told + not to + V1
Q10. He said, "Alas! I have lost my wallet." — Indirect?
(a) He said that he had lost his wallet. (b) He exclaimed with sorrow that he had lost his wallet. (c) He exclaimed with joy that he lost his wallet. (d) He said with sorrow that he has lost his wallet.
✅ উত্তর: (b) He exclaimed with sorrow that he had lost his wallet. — Alas → exclaimed with sorrow
Q11. She said to him, "Can you drive a car?" — Indirect?
(a) She asked him if he can drive a car. (b) She asked him if he could drive a car. (c) She enquired him whether can he drive a car. (d) She asked him that could he drive a car.
✅ উত্তর: (b) She asked him if he could drive a car. — Yes/No → if, can→could
Q12. The teacher said, "The sun is a star." — Indirect?
(a) The teacher said that the sun was a star. (b) The teacher said that the sun is a star. (c) The teacher told that the sun is a star. (d) The teacher declared that the sun was a star.
✅ উত্তর: (b) The teacher said that the sun is a star. — Scientific fact → Tense পরিবর্তন নেই
Q13. He said to me, "I will punish you if you lie." — Indirect?
(a) He told me that he would punish me if I lied. (b) He told me that he will punish me if I lied. (c) He told me that he would punish me if I lie. (d) He said me that he would punish me if I lied.
✅ উত্তর: (a) He told me that he would punish me if I lied. — Conditional: will→would, you→me, lie→lied
Q14. She said, "Let us go to the park." — Indirect?
(a) She told to go to the park. (b) She suggested that they should go to the park. (c) She requested them to go to the park. (d) She said that let them go to the park.
✅ উত্তর: (b) She suggested that they should go to the park. — Let us → suggested/proposed, should
Q15. He said, "I used to live in Dhaka." — Indirect?
(a) He said that he had used to live in Dhaka. (b) He said that he used to live in Dhaka. (c) He said that he was used to living in Dhaka. (d) He said that he was using to live in Dhaka.
✅ উত্তর: (b) He said that he used to live in Dhaka. — 'used to' → পরিবর্তন নেই
Q16. The boss said to his employee, "Report here at 9 AM tomorrow." — Indirect?
(a) The boss told his employee to report there at 9 AM the next day. (b) The boss said to his employee to report here at 9 AM tomorrow. (c) The boss ordered his employee to report here at 9 AM next day. (d) The boss ordered his employee to report there at 9 AM the following day.
✅ উত্তর: (d) The boss ordered his employee to report there at 9 AM the following day. — here→there, tomorrow→the following day, ordered
Q17. She said, "I hadn't seen him for years." — Indirect?
(a) She said that she didn't see him for years. (b) She said that she hasn't seen him for years. (c) She said that she hadn't seen him for years. (d) She said that she had not seen him for years.
✅ উত্তর: (c) She said that she hadn't seen him for years. — Past Perfect → Past Perfect (no change)
Q18. He said to her, "How are you feeling today?" — Indirect?
(a) He asked her how was she feeling that day. (b) He asked her how she was feeling that day. (c) He enquired her that how is she feeling today. (d) He asked her how she had been feeling that day.
✅ উত্তর: (b) He asked her how she was feeling that day. — Wh-question → statement order, today→that day
Q19. She said, "Hurrah! We have qualified for the finals!" — Indirect?
(a) She said with joy that they had qualified for the finals. (b) She exclaimed with joy that they had qualified for the finals. (c) She exclaimed happily that they have qualified for the finals. (d) She exclaimed joy that they qualified for the finals.
✅ উত্তর: (b) She exclaimed with joy that they had qualified for the finals. — Hurrah → exclaimed with joy
Q20. He said, "I wish I were rich!" — Indirect?
(a) He wished that he was rich. (b) He wished that he were rich. (c) He said that he wished he was rich. (d) He wished that he had been rich.
✅ উত্তর: (b) He wished that he were rich. — I wish + were (subjunctive) → অপরিবর্তিত
Q21. The principal said to the students, "Never tell a lie." — Indirect?
(a) The principal told the students never tell a lie. (b) The principal advised the students never to tell a lie. (c) The principal ordered the students not to tell a lie. (d) The principal told to the students that they should never tell a lie.
✅ উত্তর: (b) The principal advised the students never to tell a lie. — Advice → advised, negative = never to + V1
Q22. She said to me, "Who told you about this?" — Indirect?
(a) She asked me who had told me about this. (b) She asked me who told me about that. (c) She asked me who had told me about that. (d) She asked me that who had told me about that.
✅ উত্তর: (c) She asked me who had told me about that. — Wh-word=conjunction, this→that, told→had told
Q23. He said to her, "I am sorry I am late." — Indirect?
(a) He apologized to her for being late. (b) He told her that he was sorry he had been late. (c) He said to her that he was sorry he was late. (d) He requested her pardon for being late.
✅ উত্তর: (a) He apologized to her for being late. — 'I am sorry' = apologized
Q24. She said, "I don't believe what he says." — Indirect?
(a) She said that she didn't believe what he said. (b) She said that she doesn't believe what he says. (c) She said that she did not believe what he would say. (d) She said that she had not believed what he had said.
✅ উত্তর: (a) She said that she didn't believe what he said. — Present → Past, says→said
Q25. He said to me, "Please lend me some money." — Indirect?
(a) He requested me to lend him some money. (b) He told me to lend him some money. (c) He begged of me to lend him some money. (d) He asked me please lend him some money.
✅ উত্তর: (a) He requested me to lend him some money. — Please = requested + to + V1
Set B — Indirect Speech লেখো (২৫টি)
Q26. He said, "I am reading a novel."
উত্তর: He said that he was reading a novel.
Q27. She said to him, "You look tired."
উত্তর: She told him that he looked tired.
Q28. He said to me, "Where do you live?"
উত্তর: He asked me where I lived.
Q29. She said, "Alas! My purse has been stolen."
উত্তর: She exclaimed with sorrow that her purse had been stolen.
Q30. The teacher said to us, "Study hard."
উত্তর: The teacher told/advised us to study hard.
Q31. He said, "I have been working here for 5 years."
উত্তর: He said that he had been working there for 5 years.
Q32. She said to me, "Did you finish the assignment?"
উত্তর: She asked me if I had finished the assignment.
Q33. He said, "May you succeed in life!"
উত্তর: He prayed/wished that I might succeed in life.
Q34. The officer said to them, "Don't enter without permission."
উত্তর: The officer ordered/forbade them not to enter without permission.
Q35. She said, "What a pity!"
উত্তর: She exclaimed with sorrow/pity.
Q36. He said to me, "I will not go there."
উত্তর: He told me that he would not go there.
Q37. She said, "He had already left."
উত্তর: She said that he had already left.
Q38. He said, "The Titanic sank in 1912."
উত্তর: He said that the Titanic sank in 1912.
Q39. She said to him, "Why are you late today?"
উত্তর: She asked him why he was late that day.
Q40. He said to us, "Let us plan a trip."
উত্তর: He suggested/proposed to us that we should plan a trip.
Q41. She said, "I wish I were a doctor."
উত্তর: She wished that she were a doctor.
Q42. He said to me, "Can I borrow your pen?"
উত্তর: He asked me if he could borrow my pen.
Q43. She said, "God save our country!"
উত্তর: She prayed that God might save their country.
Q44. The captain said, "Fire!"
উত্তর: The captain ordered them to fire.
Q45. He said, "I must leave now."
উত্তর: He said that he had to leave then.
Q46. She said to me, "Please don't leave me alone."
উত্তর: She requested/begged me not to leave her alone.
Q47. He said, "How beautiful the moonlit night is!"
উত্তর: He exclaimed with admiration that the moonlit night was very beautiful.
Q48. She said to him, "Have you ever been abroad?"
উত্তর: She asked him if he had ever been abroad.
Q49. He said, "Hurrah! Bangladesh has won the series."
উত্তর: He exclaimed with joy that Bangladesh had won the series.
Q50. She said to him, "I have been waiting for you since morning."
উত্তর: She told him that she had been waiting for him since morning.
১২. ERROR DETECTION — ভুল চিহ্নিত করুন (৪০টি)
নির্দেশনা: প্রতিটি Narration বাক্যে ভুল চিহ্নিত করুন। কারণ ও সংশোধন দেওয়া আছে।
E1. (ক) He said to me (খ) that he is (গ) very tired now. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (খ) 'is' ✓ সংশোধন: 'was'
📖 কারণ: Reporting verb past → Tense পরিবর্তন: is → was; now → then
E2. (ক) She told to me (খ) that she would (গ) come soon. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (ক) 'told to me' ✓ সংশোধন: 'told me'
📖 কারণ: told-এর পরে 'to' বসে না।
E3. (ক) He asked me (খ) where was I (গ) going that day. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (খ) 'where was I' ✓ সংশোধন: 'where I was'
📖 কারণ: Wh-question Indirect → Statement order।
E4. (ক) She said to him (খ) that she will (গ) call him next day. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (খ) 'will' ✓ সংশোধন: 'would'
📖 কারণ: Reporting verb past → will → would।
E5. (ক) He ordered (খ) the soldier to (গ) not move. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (গ) 'to not move' ✓ সংশোধন: 'not to move'
📖 কারণ: Negative Infinitive → not + to + V1।
E6. (ক) She exclaimed (খ) with joy that (গ) she had won. No error. (ঘ) —
✗ ভুল: No error ✓ সংশোধন: ✅ সঠিক
📖 কারণ: exclaimed with joy + that + Past Perfect ✓।
E7. (ক) He told me (খ) that the sun rise (গ) in the east. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (খ) 'rise' ✓ সংশোধন: 'rises'
📖 কারণ: Universal truth → present tense: rise → rises।
E8. (ক) She asked him (খ) what was he (গ) doing there. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (খ) 'what was he' ✓ সংশোধন: 'what he was'
📖 কারণ: Wh-question Indirect → Statement order।
E9. (ক) They prayed (খ) that God may (গ) bless them. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (খ) 'may' ✓ সংশোধন: 'might'
📖 কারণ: Optative → may → might।
E10. (ক) The teacher (খ) advised the students (গ) not study hard. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (গ) 'not study' ✓ সংশোধন: 'to study hard'
📖 কারণ: Advice → not negative here, 'to study hard'।
E11. (ক) He requested me (খ) that please lend (গ) him some money. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (খ) 'that please lend' ✓ সংশোধন: 'to lend'
📖 কারণ: Imperative request → requested + object + to + V1।
E12. (ক) She said to me, (খ) "I will call you (গ) tomorrow". (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: No error ✓ সংশোধন: ✅ Direct Speech সঠিক
📖 কারণ: Direct Speech-এ কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না।
E13. (ক) He told (খ) her that she (গ) should to come. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (গ) 'should to come' ✓ সংশোধন: 'should come'
📖 কারণ: should + V1 (no 'to')।
E14. (ক) She exclaimed (খ) with sorrow that (গ) she is ruined. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (গ) 'she is ruined' ✓ সংশোধন: 'she was ruined'
📖 কারণ: Exclamatory → Tense: is → was।
E15. (ক) He said me (খ) that he could (গ) not help me. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (ক) 'said me' ✓ সংশোধন: 'told me'
📖 কারণ: Object থাকলে said to → told।
E16. (ক) She asked him (খ) whether he can (গ) play the guitar. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (গ) 'can' ✓ সংশোধন: 'could'
📖 কারণ: Reporting verb past → can → could।
E17. (ক) He stated (খ) that he goes (গ) to school daily. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (খ) 'goes' ✓ সংশোধন: 'went'
📖 কারণ: Reporting verb past → goes → went (habitual without 'always/regularly')।
E18. (ক) She forbidden him (খ) to enter (গ) the room. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (ক) 'forbidden him' ✓ সংশোধন: 'forbade him'
📖 কারণ: forbid → Past form = forbade।
E19. (ক) The captain (খ) commanded his soldiers (গ) stand at ease. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (গ) 'stand at ease' ✓ সংশোধন: 'to stand at ease'
📖 কারণ: Imperative → to + V1।
E20. (ক) He asked me (খ) if did I know (গ) his name. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (খ) 'if did I know' ✓ সংশোধন: 'if I knew'
📖 কারণ: if + Statement order + Past tense।
E21. (ক) She congratulated (খ) him that he had (গ) passed the exam. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (খ) 'him that' ✓ সংশোধন: 'him and said that'
📖 কারণ: Congratulated = Reporting verb নিজেই; then add 'and said that...'।
E22. (ক) He told me (খ) that he had been (গ) living here since long. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: No error ✓ সংশোধন: ✅ সঠিক
📖 কারণ: had been living + since = correct ✓।
E23. (ক) She prayed (খ) God may bless (গ) her children. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (খ) 'God may bless' ✓ সংশোধন: 'that God might bless'
📖 কারণ: Optative → that + might।
E24. (ক) The officer (খ) said to us to (গ) report immediately. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (খ) 'said to us to' ✓ সংশোধন: 'told us to'
📖 কারণ: said to + object + Imperative → told + object + to + V1।
E25. (ক) He asked her (খ) that why she was (গ) crying. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (খ) 'that why' ✓ সংশোধন: 'why'
📖 কারণ: Wh-word নিজেই conjunction — 'that' লাগে না।
E26. (ক) She exclaimed (খ) with wonder that (গ) it was a beautiful place. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: No error ✓ সংশোধন: ✅ সঠিক
📖 কারণ: What a/How → very; exclaimed + that + Past ✓।
E27. (ক) He said that (খ) he would have been (গ) working there for two hours. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: No error ✓ সংশোধন: ✅ সঠিক
📖 কারণ: Present Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous ✓।
E28. (ক) She told him (খ) that let us (গ) go together. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (খ) 'that let us' ✓ সংশোধন: 'that they should' or 'to go together'
📖 কারণ: Let us → proposed + that + should।
E29. (ক) He said to me (খ) how was the (গ) whether there. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (খ) 'how was the' ✓ সংশোধন: 'how the weather was'
📖 কারণ: Wh-question → Statement order।
E30. (ক) She said that (খ) she use to walk (গ) every morning. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (খ) 'use to walk' ✓ সংশোধন: 'used to walk'
📖 কারণ: 'used to' — past habit।
E31. (ক) He enquired me (খ) where I lived (গ) at that time. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (ক) 'enquired me' ✓ সংশোধন: 'enquired of me'
📖 কারণ: enquire + of + person।
E32. (ক) The teacher (খ) told them to (গ) not to make noise. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (গ) 'to not to make' ✓ সংশোধন: 'not to make'
📖 কারণ: not to + V1 (only one 'to')।
E33. (ক) She said, (খ) "Alas! I am (গ) undone!". (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: No error ✓ সংশোধন: ✅ Direct Speech সঠিক
📖 কারণ: Exclamation + Inverted comma = correct।
E34. (ক) He asked me (খ) that whether I (গ) could help him. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (খ) 'that whether' ✓ সংশোধন: 'whether'
📖 কারণ: whether নিজেই conjunction — 'that' লাগে না।
E35. (ক) She exclaimed (খ) with joy that (গ) they won the match. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (গ) 'they won' ✓ সংশোধন: 'they had won'
📖 কারণ: Exclamatory Indirect → Tense change: won → had won।
E36. (ক) The principal (খ) said to us that (গ) we should work hard. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: No error ✓ সংশোধন: ✅ সঠিক
📖 কারণ: Assertive indirect with advice ✓।
E37. (ক) He said that (খ) his brother died (গ) last week. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (গ) 'last week' ✓ সংশোধন: 'the previous week'
📖 কারণ: last week → the previous week in indirect।
E38. (ক) She told me (খ) that she can (গ) swim very fast. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (গ) 'can' ✓ সংশোধন: 'could'
📖 কারণ: Reporting verb past → can → could।
E39. (ক) He prayed (খ) that may God bless (গ) the nation. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (খ) 'that may' ✓ সংশোধন: 'that God might'
📖 কারণ: Optative → that + Subject + might + V1।
E40. (ক) She asked me (খ) if I had finished (গ) the work or not. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: No error ✓ সংশোধন: ✅ সঠিক
📖 কারণ: whether/if + ... or not ✓।
১৩. EXAM TIPS & QUICK REFERENCE
💡 Golden Tips — পরীক্ষায় সাফল্যের সহজ কৌশল
① Reporting verb: Object থাকলে 'said to' → 'told'; না থাকলে 'said' → 'said'।
② Assertive: Conjunction = that | Interrogative (Yes/No): if/whether | Wh: wh-word নিজেই।
③ Interrogative Indirect → Statement order (V+S → S+V) এবং Question mark (?) → Full stop (.)।
④ Imperative: Reporting Verb = ordered/requested/advised/forbade/suggested + Object + to/not to + V1।
⑤ Exclamatory: What a/How + Adj → very + Adj; said → exclaimed with joy/sorrow/surprise।
⑥ Optative: said → prayed/wished; May → might।
⑦ Universal truth, Scientific fact, Historical fact → Tense পরিবর্তন হয় না।
⑧ used to, would (past habit), could, would — Indirect-এ পরিবর্তন হয় না।
⛔ সাধারণ ভুলের তালিকা — এগুলো এড়িয়ে চলুন
✗ told to me → ✓ told me ('to' বাদ দিতে হবে)
✗ asked me that... (Yes/No) → ✓ asked me if/whether...
✗ where was he going → ✓ where he was going (Statement order!)
✗ exclaimed with joy that she has won → ✓ had won (Tense পরিবর্তন!)
✗ ordered them not to move → ✓ ordered them not to move (সঠিক!)
✗ prayed that God may → ✓ prayed that God might
✗ said that the sun was rising in the east (Universal truth) → ✓ rises
✗ if did he know → ✓ if he knew (Statement order!)
📋 Quick Reference — Sentence Type চিনুন
Sentence Type | চেনার উপায় | Reporting Verb | Conjunction |
Assertive | বক্তব্য — সাধারণ | said / told | that |
Interrogative (Yes/No) | Do/Did/Are... দিয়ে প্রশ্ন | asked / enquired | if / whether |
Interrogative (Wh-) | Who/What/Where... দিয়ে প্রশ্ন | asked / enquired | wh-word নিজেই |
Imperative (আদেশ) | V1 দিয়ে শুরু | ordered / commanded | to + V1 |
Imperative (অনুরোধ) | Please + V1 | requested / begged | to + V1 |
Imperative (নিষেধ) | Don't + V1 | forbade / told | not to + V1 |
Imperative (পরামর্শ) | Should/Must + V1 | advised / suggested | to + V1 |
Imperative (প্রস্তাব) | Let us + V1 | proposed / suggested | that + should |
Exclamatory (আনন্দ) | Hurrah! / What! / How! | exclaimed with joy | that + very |
Exclamatory (দুঃখ) | Alas! | exclaimed with sorrow | that + Past |
Optative (প্রার্থনা) | May + V1! | prayed / wished | that + might |
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নিয়মিত অনুশীলন করুন — সাফল্য নিশ্চিত।
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