Identifying Noun, Adjective & Adverbial Clauses/Phrases.

CHAPTER

Identifying Clauses & Phrases

Noun | Adjective | Adverbial

১. Clause ও Phrase — সংজ্ঞা ও মূল পার্থক্য

Clause (উপবাক্য) কী?

সংজ্ঞা: একটি Clause-এ অবশ্যই একটি Subject এবং একটি Finite Verb থাকে এবং এটি বাক্যের অর্থপূর্ণ অংশ গঠন করে।

Definition: A clause is a group of words that contains a SUBJECT + FINITE VERB and forms part of a sentence.

Phrase (পদগুচ্ছ) কী?

সংজ্ঞা: একটি Phrase-এ Subject + Finite Verb-এর সমন্বয় থাকে না। এটি বাক্যের একটি অংশ হিসেবে কাজ করে।

Definition: A phrase is a group of words WITHOUT a subject-verb combination. It cannot stand alone.

Clause ও Phrase-এর পার্থক্য

Dependent Clause-এর ৩ প্রকার

২. Noun Clause (বিশেষ্য উপবাক্য)

সংজ্ঞা: যে Dependent Clause বাক্যে Noun-এর মতো কাজ করে — Subject, Object, Complement বা Preposition-এর Object হিসেবে — তাকে Noun Clause বলে।

চেনার কৌশল: পুরো Clause-টিকে 'it' বা 'something' দিয়ে প্রতিস্থাপন করুন। যদি বাক্য ঠিক থাকে → Noun Clause।

Noun Clause শুরু করে: that, what, who, whom, whose, which, when, where, why, how, whether, if, whatever, whoever, whichever

Noun Clause-এর ৬টি Function

Rule 1: 'That' Noun Clause — গুরুত্বপূর্ণ নিয়ম

'That' দিয়ে শুরু Noun Clause সবচেয়ে সাধারণ। Object Noun Clause-এ 'that' বাদ দেওয়া যায়। Subject Noun Clause-এ 'that' বাদ দেওয়া যায় না।

Rule 2: 'If / Whether' Noun Clause (Indirect Yes-No Question)

হ্যাঁ/না জাতীয় প্রশ্ন Indirect Speech-এ Noun Clause হয় — শুরু হয় 'if' বা 'whether' দিয়ে।

Formula: "Is he honest?" → I don't know if/whether he is honest.

💡 'Whether...or' vs 'If' — Subject হিসেবে শুধু 'whether' চলে!

Whether she comes or not doesn't matter. ✅ (Subject)

If she comes or not doesn't matter. ❌ (Subject হিসেবে 'if' চলে না)

Rule 3: Wh-word Noun Clause — Word Order সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ!

Noun Clause-এ সবসময় Statement Order (S+V) ব্যবহার হয় — Question Order (V+S) নয়!

Rule 4: Dummy 'It' দিয়ে Subject Noun Clause স্থানান্তর

Subject Noun Clause বড় হলে বাক্যের শুরুতে 'It' বসিয়ে আসল Subject শেষে নেওয়া হয়। এই 'It' = Dummy/Formal Subject।

Formula: It + Verb + Adj/Noun + that + Noun Clause

৩. Adjective Clause / Relative Clause (বিশেষণ উপবাক্য)

সংজ্ঞা: যে Dependent Clause বাক্যের কোনো Noun বা Pronoun-কে modify করে (বিশেষণের মতো কাজ করে) তাকে Adjective Clause বলে।

চেনার কৌশল: Clause-টি যে Noun-এর পরে বসে, সেই Noun সম্পর্কে কোনো তথ্য দিচ্ছে? → Adjective Clause।

Relative Pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that | Relative Adverbs: when, where, why

Relative Pronoun ব্যবহারের নিয়ম

Rule 5: Defining vs Non-defining Adjective Clause — পরীক্ষায় সর্বাধিক আসে!

⛔ ⛔ Non-defining Clause-এ 'that' ব্যবহার করা যাবে না!

My father, that is a doctor, lives in Dhaka. ❌

My father, who is a doctor, lives in Dhaka. ✅

Rule 6: 'Who' vs 'Whom' — বাছাইয়ের সহজ নিয়ম

পরীক্ষা পদ্ধতি: Relative Clause-এর ভেতরে Pronoun বসিয়ে দেখুন।

→ 'he/she' বসলে = who ব্যবহার করুন (Subject)

→ 'him/her' বসলে = whom ব্যবহার করুন (Object)

Rule 7: Preposition-এর পরে 'that' ব্যবহার করা যায় না!

💡 Preposition + 'which' = Formal | 'which/that' at end = Informal

Formal: The man about whom she spoke left.

Informal: The man who/that she spoke about left.

Note: 'on that / with that' — কখনো চলে না।

Rule 8: 'where'/'when' — Adjective Clause vs Adverbial Clause

৪. Adverbial Clause (ক্রিয়াবিশেষণ উপবাক্য)

সংজ্ঞা: যে Dependent Clause বাক্যের Verb, Adjective বা Adverb-কে modify করে এবং সময়, কারণ, শর্ত, উদ্দেশ্য ইত্যাদি প্রকাশ করে তাকে Adverbial Clause বলে।

চেনার কৌশল: Clause-টি সরালেও মূল অর্থ ঠিক থাকে। প্রশ্ন করুন: কখন? কেন? কীভাবে? কী শর্তে?

Adverbial Clause-এর ৯ প্রকার — Key Conjunctions

① Adverbial Clause of TIME — সময়

💡 ⚡ Time Clause-এ Future অর্থে Simple Present Tense ব্যবহার হয়!

I will call you when he comes. ✅ (NOT: when he will come ❌)

She will leave before it rains. ✅ (NOT: before it will rain ❌)

As soon as he arrives, call me. ✅ (NOT: as soon as he will arrive ❌)

② Adverbial Clause of CAUSE — কারণ

⛔ ⛔ 'Because' vs 'Because of' — Critical Difference!

Because it rained, ... → Conjunction + Clause ✅

Because of the rain, ... → Preposition + Noun ✅

Because of it rained, ... → ❌ ভুল! (Conjunction + Noun চলে না)

③ Adverbial Clause of CONDITION — শর্ত

⛔ ⛔ 'Unless' এর পরে 'not' ব্যবহার করবেন না!

Unless you do not study, you will fail. ❌ (Double negative!)

Unless you study, you will fail. ✅

④ Adverbial Clause of CONTRAST — বৈপরীত্য

⛔ ⛔ 'Although/Though' এর সাথে 'but/yet/still' একসাথে চলে না!

Although he is rich, but he is unhappy. ❌

Although he is rich, he is unhappy. ✅

He is rich, but he is unhappy. ✅ (এখানে 'although' নেই)

⑤ Adverbial Clause of PURPOSE — উদ্দেশ্য

💡 ⚡ 'Lest' Rules — পরীক্ষায় বারবার আসে!

'lest' = যাতে না। এর পরে 'should' বসে, 'not' বসে না।

Run fast lest you should miss the train. ✅

Run fast lest you should not miss the train. ❌

⑥ Adverbial Clause of RESULT — ফলাফল

Formula: so + Adjective/Adverb + that + Clause

Formula: such + (a/an) + Adjective + Noun + that + Clause

⛔ ⛔ 'so' vs 'such' — ভুলের ফাঁদ!

He is so clever that... (so + Adjective) ✅

He is such a clever boy that... (such + a + adj + noun) ✅

He is such clever that... ❌ (Noun ছাড়া 'such' ব্যবহার ভুল)

⑦⑧⑨ Manner · Comparison · Place Adverbial Clauses

💡 ⚡ 'As if / As though' — Unreal Situation = Past Tense!

He talks as if he were the boss. ✅ (Unreal — subjunctive 'were')

She spends money as if she were a millionaire. ✅

He talks as if he is the boss. ❌ (Unreal হলে Present Tense চলে না)

৫. Phrases — প্রকার ও ব্যবহার

৬. Clause → Phrase Reduction (রূপান্তর)

Adjective Clause → Participial Phrase

Active: who/that + is/was + V+ing → V+ing (Present Participial Phrase)

Passive: which/that + is/was + V3 → V3 (Past Participial Phrase)

Adverbial Clause → Phrase (Reduction)

⛔ ⛔ Dangling Participle — সবচেয়ে কমন ভুল!

দুটো Subject আলাদা হলে Clause Reduction করা যায় না।

Walking along the road, a car knocked me down. ❌ ('Walking'-এর Subject কে? Car?)

While I was walking along the road, a car knocked me down. ✅

৭. ট্রিকি ও আনকমন নিয়মসমূহ

Tricky Rule 1: 'That' — ৪টি ভিন্ন ব্যবহার

Tricky Rule 2: 'What' — সবসময় Noun Clause তৈরি করে

'What' দিয়ে কখনো Adjective Clause শুরু হয় না — এটি সবসময় Noun Clause তৈরি করে।

💡 'what' vs 'which' — পার্থক্য!

I don't know which book to buy. ✅ (which = কোনটি — Adjective)

I don't know what to buy. ✅ (what = কী — Noun Clause)

Tricky Rule 3: 'Whoever, Whatever, Wherever' — Noun Clause

Tricky Rule 4: 'The reason why/that' — Critical!

⛔ 'The reason is because' — সবসময় ভুল!

The reason is because he was lazy. ❌

The reason is that he was lazy. ✅

The reason why he left is unknown. ✅ (why = Relative Adverb)

Tricky Rule 5: Subjunctive Mood in Noun Clause

Pattern: It is + important/necessary/essential/vital/crucial + that + S + V1 (bare)

'V1' means NO 's/es' — even for third person singular!

৮. Solved Examples (60+) — বিস্তারিত সমাধান

Part A — Clause চিহ্নিত করো ও প্রকার বলো

Part B — Clause vs Phrase চিহ্নিত করো

Part C — MCQ-type (পরীক্ষার ধরন)

Part D — বাংলা থেকে ইংরেজি Clause

Part E — Multiple Meanings & Tricky Examples

Part F — Rapid-fire (36–60)

৯. Practice Questions (35+) — অনুশীলন প্রশ্ন

Set A — MCQ: Clause-এর প্রকার চিহ্নিত করো

Q1. "She was happy [when she heard the good news]." The underlined clause is —

a) Noun Clause b) Adjective Clause c) Adverb Clause of Time d) Adverb Clause of Cause

✅ উত্তর: Answer: (c) Adverb Clause of Time — কখন সুখী হয়েছিল?

Q2. "[That he will pass] is certain." The underlined clause is —

a) Noun Clause (Subject) b) Adj. Clause c) Adv. Clause of Condition d) Adv. Clause of Result

✅ উত্তর: Answer: (a) Noun Clause (Subject)

Q3. "The student [who scored highest] got a scholarship." The underlined clause —

a) Acts as Subject b) Modifies 'student' as Adjective Clause c) Modifies 'scored' as Adverb d) Is a Noun Clause

✅ উত্তর: Answer: (b) Modifies 'student' as Adjective Clause

Q4. "She left early [so that she could catch the train]." Underlined clause is —

a) Adv. Clause of Cause b) Adv. Clause of Purpose c) Adv. Clause of Result d) Noun Clause

✅ উত্তর: Answer: (b) Adv. Clause of Purpose

Q5. "I don't know [where he has gone]." Underlined clause is —

a) Adv. Clause of Place b) Noun Clause as Object c) Adj. Clause d) Adv. Clause of Manner

✅ উত্তর: Answer: (b) Noun Clause as Object

Q6. "The bag [which she carries everywhere] is a gift." Underlined clause is —

a) Defining Adj. Clause b) Non-defining Adj. Clause c) Noun Clause d) Adv. Clause

✅ উত্তর: Answer: (a) Defining Adjective Clause

Q7. "It is strange [that he never smiles]." Here 'It' is —

a) Subject b) Dummy Subject c) Object d) Complement

✅ উত্তর: Answer: (b) Dummy Subject — আসল Subject হলো 'that he never smiles'

Q8. "[Although she tried hard], she could not win." Underlined clause is —

a) Adv. Clause of Contrast b) Adv. Clause of Cause c) Adv. Clause of Condition d) Adj. Clause

✅ উত্তর: Answer: (a) Adv. Clause of Contrast

Q9. "He speaks [as if he were the manager]." The underlined clause expresses —

a) Result b) Manner (Unreal) c) Condition d) Comparison

✅ উত্তর: Answer: (b) Manner (Unreal) — Past Tense 'were' ব্যবহার হয়েছে।

Q10. "The news [that he had resigned] spread quickly." Underlined clause is —

a) Defining Adj. Clause b) Non-defining Adj. Clause c) Noun Clause (Appositive) d) Adv. Clause

✅ উত্তর: Answer: (c) Noun Clause (Appositive) — 'news' Noun-কে ব্যাখ্যা করছে।

Set B — Fill in the blank (Conjunction নির্ধারণ)

Q11. He worked hard ______ he could buy a house. (উদ্দেশ্য)

✅ উত্তর: so that

Q12. She will wait ______ you return. (সীমা পর্যন্ত)

✅ উত্তর: until / till

Q13. ______ he is rich, he is not generous. (বৈপরীত্য)

✅ উত্তর: Although / Though / Even though

Q14. Tell me ______ you want. (Object NC)

✅ উত্তর: what

Q15. Run fast ______ you should miss the bus. (নেতিবাচক উদ্দেশ্য)

✅ উত্তর: lest

Q16. The country ______ I was born has a long history. (Adj. Clause)

✅ উত্তর: where / in which

Q17. She is not ______ smart ______ her sister. (তুলনা)

✅ উত্তর: so / as

Q18. I wonder ______ she passed the exam or not. (Indirect question)

✅ উত্তর: whether

Q19. It was ______ heavy rain ______ the match was cancelled. (Result)

✅ উত্তর: such / that

Q20. ______ you finish the work, you may go home. (Condition)

✅ উত্তর: Once / When / As soon as / Provided that

Set C — Function of Noun Clause

Q21. "I believe [that honesty is the best policy]." — Function?

✅ উত্তর: Object of verb 'believe'

Q22. "[How the accident happened] is still a mystery." — Function?

✅ উত্তর: Subject of the sentence

Q23. "Success depends on [how hard you work]." — Function?

✅ উত্তর: Object of Preposition 'on'

Q24. "The belief [that he would return] kept her going." — Function?

✅ উত্তর: Appositive — 'belief' Noun-কে ব্যাখ্যা করছে

Q25. "My wish is [that she gets well soon]." — Function?

✅ উত্তর: Subject Complement / Predicate Nominative

Set D — Clause কে Phrase-এ রূপান্তর করো (Reduction)

Q26. The boy who was playing in the field is my brother.

✅ উত্তর: The boy playing in the field is my brother.

Q27. When she had finished her work, she went out.

✅ উত্তর: Having finished her work, she went out.

Q28. Because he was sick, he couldn't attend the class.

✅ উত্তর: Being sick, he couldn't attend the class.

Q29. Though she is poor, she is happy.

✅ উত্তর: Though poor, she is happy.

Q30. The letter that was written by her won the prize.

✅ উত্তর: The letter written by her won the prize.

Set E — Tricky MCQs

Q31. Which sentence is CORRECT?

a) I don't know where does he live. b) I don't know where he lives. c) I don't know where he does live. d) I don't know where live he.

✅ উত্তর: Answer: (b) — Noun Clause-এ Statement Order (S+V) ব্যবহার হয়।

Q32. "Although he was rich, ___ he was unhappy." The blank should be —

a) but b) yet c) nothing (blank) d) still

✅ উত্তর: Answer: (c) Nothing — 'although' এর সাথে 'but/yet/still' চলে না।

Q33. Choose the CORRECT sentence:

a) The reason is because he was tired. b) The reason is that he was tired. c) The reason is for he was tired. d) The reason is since he was tired.

✅ উত্তর: Answer: (b) — 'The reason is that...' সঠিক।

Q34. "Run fast lest you ___ miss the bus."

a) will b) should c) should not d) would

✅ উত্তর: Answer: (b) should — 'lest' এর পরে সবসময় 'should' বসে।

Q35. Identify the Noun Clause: "It is a pity that he failed."

a) It is a pity b) that he failed c) he failed d) It is

✅ উত্তর: Answer: (b) 'that he failed' — এটি Noun Clause, 'It' = Dummy Subject।

১০. Error Detection Questions (25+) — ভুল চিহ্নিত করো

E1. (a) I don't know (b) where does he (c) live now. (d) No error.

❌ ভুল: (b) 'where does he' ✅ সংশোধন: (b) সংশোধন: 'where he' — Noun Clause-এ Statement Order

E2. (a) Although she tried (b) very hard, (c) but she failed. (d) No error.

❌ ভুল: (c) 'but' ✅ সংশোধন: (c) সংশোধন: 'but' বাদ দাও — 'although' + 'but' একসাথে চলে না

E3. (a) Unless you (b) do not work hard, (c) you will fail. (d) No error.

❌ ভুল: (b) 'do not' ✅ সংশোধন: (b) সংশোধন: 'work' — 'unless' নিজেই negative

E4. (a) My father, (b) that is a teacher, (c) lives in Dhaka. (d) No error.

❌ ভুল: (b) 'that' ✅ সংশোধন: (b) সংশোধন: 'who' — Non-defining Clause-এ 'that' চলে না

E5. (a) The reason is (b) because he (c) was absent. (d) No error.

❌ ভুল: (b) 'because' ✅ সংশোধন: (b) সংশোধন: 'that' — 'The reason is that...' সঠিক

E6. (a) She works hard (b) lest she should (c) not fail in the exam. (d) No error.

❌ ভুল: (c) 'not' ✅ সংশোধন: (c) সংশোধন: 'not' বাদ দাও — 'lest' + 'should not' = double negative

E7. (a) He talked (b) as if he knows (c) everything. (d) No error.

❌ ভুল: (b) 'knows' ✅ সংশোধন: (b) সংশোধন: 'knew' — 'as if' Unreal = Past Tense

E8. (a) The man (b) who I met him (c) at the party (d) is a novelist.

❌ ভুল: (b) 'him' বাড়তি ✅ সংশোধন: (b) সংশোধন: 'who I met' বা 'whom I met' — Relative Pronoun নিজেই Object

E9. (a) Tell me (b) what time is it. (c) I have to go. (d) No error.

❌ ভুল: (b) 'is it' ✅ সংশোধন: (b) সংশোধন: 'it is' — Noun Clause-এ Statement Order

E10. (a) If it will rain (b) tomorrow, (c) we will cancel the picnic. (d) No error.

❌ ভুল: (a) 'will rain' ✅ সংশোধন: (a) সংশোধন: 'rains' — Condition Clause-এ Future = Simple Present

E11. (a) The chair (b) on that he sat (c) was very old. (d) No error.

❌ ভুল: (b) 'on that' ✅ সংশোধন: (b) সংশোধন: 'on which' — Preposition + 'that' চলে না

E12. (a) She is (b) so a beautiful girl (c) that everyone admires her. (d) No error.

❌ ভুল: (b) 'so a beautiful girl' ✅ সংশোধন: (b) সংশোধন: 'such a beautiful girl' — Noun-এর আগে 'such'

E13. (a) That whether (b) he will come (c) is uncertain. (d) No error.

❌ ভুল: (a) 'That whether' ✅ সংশোধন: (a) সংশোধন: 'Whether' শুধু — 'That' ও 'Whether' একসাথে চলে না

E14. (a) Walking along the road, (b) a car hit me (c) from behind. (d) No error.

❌ ভুল: (a) Dangling Participle ✅ সংশোধন: (a) সংশোধন: 'While I was walking along the road, a car hit me...'

E15. (a) He was (b) such tired (c) that he slept immediately. (d) No error.

❌ ভুল: (b) 'such tired' ✅ সংশোধন: (b) সংশোধন: 'so tired' — Adjective-এর আগে 'so'; 'such' Noun-এর আগে

E16. (a) The news (b) which he passed (c) surprised us. (d) No error.

❌ ভুল: (b) 'which' ✅ সংশোধন: (b) সংশোধন: 'that' — news + that + clause = Appositive Noun Clause

E17. (a) I will help you (b) whoever you are (c) in need. (d) No error.

❌ ভুল: No error ✅ সংশোধন: ✅ কোনো ভুল নেই — সঠিক বাক্য

E18. (a) He told me (b) that where (c) she lives. (d) No error.

❌ ভুল: (b) 'that where' ✅ সংশোধন: (b) সংশোধন: 'where' শুধু — 'that' ও 'where' একসাথে চলে না

E19. (a) The boy (b) who you told me about him (c) is very brilliant. (d) No error.

❌ ভুল: (b) 'him' বাড়তি ✅ সংশোধন: (b) সংশোধন: 'about whom you told me' বা 'who you told me about'

E20. (a) She came early (b) so that she can (c) get a good seat. (d) No error.

❌ ভুল: (b) 'can' ✅ সংশোধন: (b) সংশোধন: 'could' — Main Clause Past হলে Purpose Clause-এ 'could/might'

E21. (a) Provided that (b) you work hard, (c) you can achieve anything. (d) No error.

❌ ভুল: No error ✅ সংশোধন: ✅ কোনো ভুল নেই — সঠিক বাক্য

E22. (a) The teacher (b) who I respect (c) a lot has retired. (d) No error.

❌ ভুল: (b) 'who' ✅ সংশোধন: (b) সংশোধন: 'whom' — 'I respect him' → Object → 'whom'

E23. (a) As soon as (b) he will arrive, (c) we shall begin. (d) No error.

❌ ভুল: (b) 'will arrive' ✅ সংশোধন: (b) সংশোধন: 'arrives' — Time Clause-এ Future = Simple Present

E24. (a) It is necessary (b) that every student (c) attends the meeting. (d) No error.

❌ ভুল: (c) 'attends' ✅ সংশোধন: (c) সংশোধন: 'attend' — Subjunctive Mood: bare infinitive (no 's')

E25. (a) Wherever you go, (b) whatever you do, (c) I will always support you. (d) No error.

❌ ভুল: No error ✅ সংশোধন: ✅ কোনো ভুল নেই — সঠিক বাক্য

১১. Exam Tips & Traps — পরীক্ষায় সফলতার কৌশল

🌟 GOLDEN TIPS — পরীক্ষায় ভালো করার উপায়

💡 Tip 1 — 3-Step পরীক্ষা পদ্ধতি

(a) এটি কোনো Noun-এর কাজ করছে? → Noun Clause

(b) কোনো Noun-কে describe করছে? → Adjective Clause

(c) Verb/Adj/Adv-কে modify করছে? → Adverbial Clause

💡 Tip 2 — Noun Clause পরীক্ষা

পুরো Clause-টিকে 'it' দিয়ে প্রতিস্থাপন করো।

যদি বাক্য ঠিক থাকে → Noun Clause।

Example: I know [that he is honest] → I know it ✅

💡 Tip 3 — Time Clause নিয়ম

when, before, after, until, as soon as — এদের পরে Future অর্থে Simple Present Tense।

I will call you when he comes. ✅ (NOT: when he will come ❌)

💡 Tip 4 — 'which' বা 'that' পছন্দ

Non-defining clause-এ 'that' নিষেধ।

Preposition-এর পরে 'that' নিষেধ।

Defining clause-এ 'that' বা 'which' উভয়ই চলে।

💡 Tip 5 — Subjunctive Mood

'It is + important/necessary/essential + that + S + V1 (bare)'

's/es' যোগ হয় না — এমনকি 3rd person singular-এও।

It is essential that he attend the meeting. ✅ (NOT: attends ❌)

⛔ COMMON TRAPS — পরীক্ষার ফাঁদ

📋 Quick Summary — Subordinating Conjunctions

সারসংক্ষেপ (Summary)

✅ Noun Clause = বাক্যে Noun-এর কাজ করে — Subject / Object / Complement / Appositive

Shuroo: that, what, who, whether, if, wh-words

✅ Adjective Clause = Noun/Pronoun-কে modify করে, ঠিক পরে বসে

Shuroo: who, whom, whose, which, that, when, where, why

✅ Adverbial Clause = Verb/Adj/Adverb modify করে — সরালে মূল অর্থ অটুট

Shuroo: Subordinating Conjunctions (because, when, if, although...)