Present Participle

Present Participle

বর্তমান কৃদন্ত বিশেষণ

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Present Participle কী?

🎯 ধরুন আপনার বন্ধু বলল: 'I saw a boy. The boy was running.'

এই দুটো বাক্যকে একটায় মেলাতে চাইলে কী করবেন?

→ I saw a running boy. অথবা I saw a boy running.

এখানে 'running' শব্দটিই হলো Present Participle।

এটি Verb 'run' থেকে তৈরি হয়েছে, কিন্তু এখানে কাজ করছে Adjective-এর মতো (boy-কে বর্ণনা করছে)।

আরেকটা উদাহরণ:

'She was crying.' → The crying girl... (crying = Adjective, girl কে বর্ণনা করছে)

'He is singing.' → The singing man... (singing = Adjective, man কে বর্ণনা করছে)

সংজ্ঞা ও গঠন — Definition & Formation

📌 সংজ্ঞা (Definition)

Present Participle = Verb + ing

এটি একই সাথে দুটি কাজ করতে পারে:

১. Verb-এর কাজ: সময়, ক্রিয়া ও Object নিতে পারে

২. Adjective-এর কাজ: Noun বা Pronoun-কে বর্ণনা করে

এই দ্বৈত স্বভাবের কারণে একে বলা হয় Verbal Adjective।

নিয়ম

উদাহরণ (Verb → Participle)

ব্যাখ্যা

সাধারণ নিয়ম: শুধু -ing যোগ

go→going, play→playing, read→reading, run→running, eat→eating

বেশিরভাগ verb-এর ক্ষেত্রে প্রযোজ্য

শেষে 'e' থাকলে 'e' বাদ দিয়ে -ing

make→making, write→writing, love→loving, take→taking, come→coming

silent 'e' থাকলে সেটি বাদ দিতে হয়

একটি vowel + consonant শেষে থাকলে consonant double করে -ing

run→running, sit→sitting, swim→swimming, stop→stopping, cut→cutting

short stressed vowel + single consonant → double

দুটো vowel + consonant শেষে → শুধু -ing

read→reading, sleep→sleeping, rain→raining

দুটো vowel থাকলে consonant double হয় না

শেষে 'ie' থাকলে 'ie' → 'y' করে -ing

lie→lying, die→dying, tie→tying

ie → y + ing

শেষে 'ee' থাকলে শুধু -ing

see→seeing, agree→agreeing, flee→fleeing

'ee' তে কোনো পরিবর্তন নেই

শেষে 'l' থাকলে (British English) 'l' double করে

travel→travelling, cancel→cancelling

British English-এ এই নিয়ম প্রযোজ্য

⚠️ ব্যতিক্রম মনে রাখুন

be → being (not 'beng')

have → having (শেষের 'e' বাদ দিয়ে)

begin → beginning (n double)

refer → referring (r double — stressed syllable)

differ → differing (r double নয় — unstressed)

benefit → benefiting (t double নয় — unstressed)

occur → occurring (r double — stressed)

panic → panicking (k যোগ হয় c-এর পরে)

Present Participle-এর ব্যবহার

Tense

গঠন

উদাহরণ

Present Continuous

am/is/are + V+ing

She is reading a book now. — সে এখন বই পড়ছে।

Past Continuous

was/were + V+ing

They were playing cricket. — তারা ক্রিকেট খেলছিল।

Future Continuous

will be + V+ing

He will be sleeping at 9 pm. — সে রাত ৯টায় ঘুমাচ্ছে থাকবে।

Present Perfect Continuous

have/has been + V+ing

She has been studying for hours. — সে ঘণ্টার পর ঘণ্টা পড়ছে।

Past Perfect Continuous

had been + V+ing

He had been waiting since morning. — সে সকাল থেকে অপেক্ষা করছিল।

💡 সহজ পার্থক্য বোঝার কৌশল

Present Participle Adjective হলে প্রশ্ন করুন: 'কোন ধরনের?' বা 'কেমন?'

'running water' → কোন ধরনের পানি? = যে পানি দৌড়াচ্ছে/প্রবাহিত → running = Adjective

'crying baby' → কোন ধরনের শিশু? = যে কাঁদছে → crying = Adjective

কিন্তু: 'She is running.' → এখানে running = Verb (Progressive Tense)

পার্থক্য করার উপায়: running-এর আগে/পরে Noun আছে কিনা দেখুন।

মূল বাক্য (Adverb Clause)

Participial Phrase রূপান্তর

অর্থ

As she was tired, she went to bed.

Being tired, she went to bed.

ক্লান্ত হওয়ায় সে ঘুমাতে গেল (কারণ)

When he entered the room, he saw her.

Entering the room, he saw her.

ঘরে ঢুকে সে তাকে দেখল (সময়)

Because he didn't know the way, he got lost.

Not knowing the way, he got lost.

পথ না জানার কারণে সে হারিয়ে গেল (কারণ)

While she was walking in the park, she met him.

Walking in the park, she met him.

পার্কে হাঁটতে হাঁটতে তার সাথে দেখা হলো (সময়)

As it was raining, we stayed at home.

It being rainy, we stayed at home.

বৃষ্টি থাকায় আমরা বাড়িতে থাকলাম

After she finished her work, she went out.

Finishing her work, she went out.

কাজ শেষ করে সে বাইরে গেল (সময়)

⚠️ গুরুত্বপূর্ণ নিয়ম: Subject একই হতে হবে!

Participial Phrase-এর Subject এবং Main Clause-এর Subject অবশ্যই একই হতে হবে।

অন্যথায় এটিকে বলে 'Dangling Participle' — যা একটি ভয়ংকর ভুল!

✗ Walking along the road, a purse was found. (ভুল — purse হাঁটছিল না!)

✓ Walking along the road, he found a purse. (সঠিক — he হাঁটছিল)

✗ Being a rainy day, we stayed at home. (ভুল — 'day' বাড়িতে থাকেনি)

✓ It being a rainy day, we stayed at home. (সঠিক — 'it' subject যোগ)

✗ Entering the room, the lights were off. (ভুল — lights ঘরে ঢোকেনি)

✓ Entering the room, I found the lights off. (সঠিক — I ঘরে ঢুকেছিল)

উদাহরণ বাক্য

বাংলা অর্থ

বিশ্লেষণ

I saw him crossing the road.

আমি তাকে রাস্তা পার হতে দেখলাম

saw + him (obj) + crossing (participle)

She heard the baby crying.

সে শিশুটিকে কাঁদতে শুনল

heard + baby (obj) + crying (participle)

They watched the sun setting.

তারা সূর্যাস্ত দেখল

watched + sun (obj) + setting (participle)

He felt someone touching his shoulder.

সে অনুভব করল কেউ তার কাঁধ স্পর্শ করছে

felt + someone (obj) + touching (participle)

I found her reading a novel.

আমি তাকে উপন্যাস পড়তে দেখলাম

found + her (obj) + reading (participle)

She smelled something burning.

সে কিছু একটা পুড়ছে তা গন্ধ পেল

smelled + something (obj) + burning (participle)

The teacher caught him cheating.

শিক্ষক তাকে নকল করতে ধরলেন

caught + him (obj) + cheating (participle)

I noticed him looking at me.

আমি লক্ষ্য করলাম সে আমার দিকে তাকাচ্ছে

noticed + him (obj) + looking (participle)

💡 Participle vs Bare Infinitive — এই পার্থক্যটা পরীক্ষায় আসে!

Verbs of Perception-এর পরে দুটোই বসতে পারে:

Bare Infinitive (V1) → সম্পূর্ণ ঘটনা দেখা/শোনা (complete action)

Present Participle → ঘটনার মাঝখানে দেখা/শোনা (action in progress)

I saw him cross the road. → সে রাস্তা পার হওয়ার পুরো ঘটনা দেখলাম

I saw him crossing the road. → রাস্তা পার হওয়ার সময় দেখলাম (মাঝপথে)

She heard him sing. → তার পুরো গান শুনল

She heard him singing. → সে গাইছে তা শুনল (চলমান অবস্থায়)

বিষয়

Gerund (V+ing)

Present Participle (V+ing)

কাজ

Noun-এর কাজ করে

Adjective বা Verb-এর কাজ করে

প্রশ্ন

What? (কী?)

Which? / What kind? (কোন ধরনের?)

উদাহরণ

Swimming is good for health.

The swimming child is tired.

ব্যাখ্যা

Swimming = Subject (Noun)

swimming = child কে বর্ণনা করছে (Adjective)

আরেকটি উদাহরণ

I like reading.

I saw a man reading.

ব্যাখ্যা

reading = Object of 'like' (Noun)

reading = man কে বর্ণনা করছে (Adjective)

তৃতীয় উদাহরণ

She is fond of singing.

She is singing a song.

ব্যাখ্যা

singing = Object of preposition 'of' (Noun)

singing = Continuous Tense-এ (Verb)

🔑 তিনটি পরীক্ষা — V+ing শব্দটি কী সেটা বোঝার উপায়

পরীক্ষা ১: 'is/are' দিয়ে প্রতিস্থাপন করুন

→ Swimming is good. → 'The sport/activity' is good → Swimming = Gerund (Noun)

পরীক্ষা ২: Noun-এর আগে বসে Noun-কে বর্ণনা করছে কিনা দেখুন

→ a swimming pool → pool কে বর্ণনা করছে? হ্যাঁ → swimming = Adjective (Participle)

পরীক্ষা ৩: is/am/are/was/were-এর পরে বসে Tense তৈরি করছে কিনা

→ She is singing → is + singing = Present Continuous → singing = Verb (Participle)

মনে রাখুন: একই শব্দ — ভিন্ন কাজ — ভিন্ন নাম!

শব্দ

কাজ

উদাহরণ

considering

Preposition (বিবেচনা করলে)

Considering his age, he is very active.

regarding

Preposition (সম্পর্কে)

Regarding your application, we will inform you.

concerning

Preposition (সংক্রান্ত)

Concerning the matter, nothing has been decided.

following

Preposition (পরবর্তীতে)

Following the meeting, a report was issued.

including

Preposition (সহ)

There were ten people, including the teacher.

excluding

Preposition (বাদ দিয়ে)

Ten students, excluding Rahim, passed.

assuming

Conjunction (ধরে নিলে)

Assuming he comes, what will you say?

providing / provided

Conjunction (যদি)

Providing you work hard, you will succeed.

given

Preposition (দেওয়া থাকলে)

Given the circumstances, he did well.

talking of / speaking of

Expression

Talking of exams, when is yours?

generally speaking

Expression

Generally speaking, he is a good person.

strictly speaking

Expression

Strictly speaking, this is not correct.

judging by/from

Expression

Judging by his work, he is talented.

granting / granted that

Expression

Granted that you are right, what then?

ট্রিকি ও অসাধারণ নিয়মাবলি — Uncommon Rules

✗ Walking in the garden, the flowers were beautiful.

✓ Walking in the garden, I found the flowers beautiful.

flowers নিজে হাঁটছিল না — Subject অবশ্যই হাঁটা ব্যক্তি হতে হবে

✗ Having eaten the food, the plate was washed.

✓ Having eaten the food, she washed the plate.

plate খাবার খায়নি — Subject একই হতে হবে

✗ Being a student, English is important.

✓ Being a student, I think English is important.

English student নয় — Subject যোগ করতে হবে

✗ Driving to work, the radio was on.

✓ Driving to work, she kept the radio on.

Radio drive করেনি — subject স্পষ্ট করতে হবে

Present Participle (-ing)

অর্থ

Past Participle (-ed/3rd form)

অর্থ

boring

যা বিরক্ত করে (কারণ)

bored

যে বিরক্ত হয়েছে (ফল)

interesting

যা আগ্রহী করে

interested

যে আগ্রহী হয়েছে

exciting

যা উত্তেজনা জাগায়

excited

যে উত্তেজিত হয়েছে

tiring

যা ক্লান্তিকর

tired

যে ক্লান্ত হয়েছে

confusing

যা বিভ্রান্ত করে

confused

যে বিভ্রান্ত হয়েছে

frightening

যা ভয়ের কারণ

frightened

যে ভয় পেয়েছে

surprising

যা অবাক করে

surprised

যে অবাক হয়েছে

disappointing

যা হতাশ করে

disappointed

যে হতাশ হয়েছে

satisfying

যা সন্তুষ্ট করে

satisfied

যে সন্তুষ্ট হয়েছে

annoying

যা বিরক্তিকর

annoyed

যে বিরক্ত হয়েছে

⚠️ পরীক্ষার ফাঁদ — boring/bored কোনটা?

এই ভুলটি পরীক্ষায় সবচেয়ে বেশি আসে:

✗ I am boring. → তুমি যদি 'boring' হও তার মানে তুমি অন্যকে বিরক্ত করছ!

✓ I am bored. → তুমি বিরক্ত অনুভব করছ (সঠিক)

✗ The film was interested. → film কি আগ্রহী হলো?

✓ The film was interesting. → film-টি আগ্রহী করে তুলছিল (সঠিক)

নিয়ম: ব্যক্তি/প্রাণীর অনুভূতি → Past Participle (-ed)

বস্তু/পরিস্থিতি → Present Participle (-ing)

💡 V+ing vs Having+V3 — কখন কোনটা?

V+ing (Present Participle) → Main Clause-এর সাথে একই সময়ে কাজ হচ্ছে:

Walking to school, she met him. (হাঁটতে হাঁটতে, একই সময়ে দেখা হলো)

Having + V3 → Main Clause-এর কাজের আগে সেই কাজ সম্পন্ন হয়েছে:

Having walked to school, she met him. (পৌঁছানোর পরে দেখা হলো)

সহজ পরীক্ষা: দুটো কাজ কি একই সময়ে না একটার পরে আরেকটা?

→ একই সময়ে = V+ing → আগে-পরে = Having + V3

সাধারণ ভুল সংকলন — Common Errors

✗ She is a boring student. (অর্থ: সে অন্যদের বিরক্ত করে)

✓ She is a bored student.

ব্যক্তির অনুভূতি → bored (-ed); boring = যা বিরক্তিকর

✗ Walking in the park, the birds were singing.

✓ Walking in the park, I heard the birds singing.

birds পার্কে হাঁটছিল না — Dangling Participle সংশোধন

✗ Having finished her dinner, the plates were washed.

✓ Having finished her dinner, she washed the plates.

plates dinner খায়নি — Subject অবশ্যই একই হতে হবে

✗ I saw him to cross the road.

✓ I saw him crossing the road.

see + object + present participle (চলমান কাজ বোঝাতে)

✗ The result is very exciting for me.

✓ I am very excited about the result.

ব্যক্তি excited; result exciting — অদলবদল করা যাবে না

✗ Not knowing the way, the bus was missed.

✓ Not knowing the way, he missed the bus.

bus পথ জানত না — Subject যোগ করতে হবে

✗ She heard him to singing.

✓ She heard him singing.

hear + object + bare participle (no 'to')

MCQ Practice Set

1. "She is a _____ person." — She causes boredom.

(A) bored

(B) boring

(C) been bored

(D) to bore

✔ Answer: (B) boring বস্তু/পরিস্থিতি যা বিরক্ত করে → Present Participle (-ing)

2. Identify the Present Participle: "The barking dog woke everyone up."

(A) barking

(B) woke

(C) everyone

(D) up

✔ Answer: (A) barking barking = dog কে বর্ণনা করছে → Present Participle as Adjective

3. Choose the correct sentence:

(A) Walking in the park, the flowers were beautiful.

(B) Walking in the park, we saw beautiful flowers.

(C) Walking in the park, beautiful flowers were seen.

(D) Walking, the park had beautiful flowers.

✔ Answer: (B) Walking in the park, we saw beautiful flowers. Subject 'we' একই — Dangling Participle এড়ানো হয়েছে

4. "I saw him _____ the road." — Choose:

(A) to cross

(B) crossed

(C) crossing

(D) cross through

✔ Answer: (C) crossing see + object + present participle (চলমান ক্রিয়া)

5. "Having _____ the letter, she mailed it."

(A) write

(B) written

(C) writing

(D) wrote

✔ Answer: (B) written Having + Past Participle (V3) → having written

6. Which sentence has a Dangling Participle?

(A) Seeing the police, the thief ran.

(B) Running fast, she caught the bus.

(C) Walking home, a dog bit him.

(D) Not knowing the way, he asked for help.

✔ Answer: (C) Walking home, a dog bit him. dog বাড়ি হাঁটছিল না — Dangling Participle

7. "The _____ student needs help." — She feels confused.

(A) confusing

(B) confused

(C) confuse

(D) to confuse

✔ Answer: (B) confused ব্যক্তির অনুভূতি → Past Participle (-ed)

8. "Not _____ the answer, he kept silent."

(A) knowing

(B) to know

(C) known

(D) knew

✔ Answer: (A) knowing Negative Participial Phrase: Not + V+ing

9. Identify the use of 'singing': "She was singing a song."

(A) Gerund

(B) Present Participle as Adjective

(C) Present Participle as Verb

(D) Infinitive

✔ Answer: (C) Present Participle as Verb was + singing = Past Continuous → Verb (Participle)

10. Identify the use of 'singing': "Singing is her hobby."

(A) Present Participle as Verb

(B) Present Participle as Adjective

(C) Gerund

(D) Infinitive

✔ Answer: (C) Gerund Singing = Subject of sentence → Noun কাজ করছে → Gerund

11. "___ by his results, he seems very talented."

(A) Judge

(B) Judging

(C) Judged

(D) To judge

✔ Answer: (B) Judging Judging by = Fixed expression; Participial Phrase

12. "The movie was very _____. I was _____ ."

(A) interesting / bored

(B) interested / boring

(C) interesting / excited

(D) bored / boring

✔ Answer: (C) interesting / excited movie = interesting (cause); I = excited (effect)

13. "She heard the baby _____."

(A) cried

(B) cry and crying

(C) crying

(D) to crying

✔ Answer: (C) crying hear + object + present participle

14. Find the correct use of Present Participle:

(A) She is a teacher interesting.

(B) Interesting, she is a teacher.

(C) She is an interesting teacher.

(D) She is interested teacher.

✔ Answer: (C) She is an interesting teacher. Present Participle Noun-এর আগে Adjective হিসেবে

15. "_____ the problem, she asked for help."

(A) Not solved

(B) Not to solve

(C) Not solving

(D) Not having solution

✔ Answer: (C) Not solving Negative Participial Phrase: Not + V+ing

16. "The man _____ at the corner is a thief."

(A) stands

(B) stood

(C) standing

(D) to stand

✔ Answer: (C) standing Postpositive Participial Phrase: man + standing (Adjective)

17. "Having eaten, _____ went to bed."

(A) the food

(B) the plate

(C) he

(D) sleeping was done

✔ Answer: (C) he Having eaten → Subject 'he' must follow to avoid Dangling Participle

18. Which is the 'Absolute Participle' construction?

(A) She walked, singing a song.

(B) The weather being fine, they went out.

(C) The running water is cold.

(D) I saw him running.

✔ Answer: (B) The weather being fine, they went out. weather being fine = Absolute Participle (নিজস্ব subject আছে)

19. "He caught the boy _____."

(A) to steal

(B) steal

(C) stolen

(D) stealing

✔ Answer: (D) stealing catch + object + present participle

20. "Considering his age, he is very active." — 'Considering' is used as:

(A) Verb

(B) Adjective

(C) Preposition

(D) Adverb

✔ Answer: (C) Preposition Considering = fixed Participle-turned-Preposition

21. "The _____ news made everyone sad."

(A) disappointing

(B) disappointed

(C) disappoint

(D) disappointedly

✔ Answer: (A) disappointing news (বস্তু) → disappointing; ব্যক্তি হলে disappointed

22. She is _____ in learning new languages.

(A) interesting

(B) interested

(C) interest

(D) to interest

✔ Answer: (B) interested ব্যক্তির আগ্রহ → interested (-ed); interesting = যা আগ্রহ সৃষ্টি করে

23. "Not _____ enough money, she could not travel."

(A) had

(B) having

(C) have

(D) has

✔ Answer: (B) having Not having = Negative Perfect Participial Phrase

24. Choose the sentence where '-ing' word is a Gerund:

(A) The crying child was comforted.

(B) She was reading a novel.

(C) Reading novels is her hobby.

(D) I saw her reading.

✔ Answer: (C) Reading novels is her hobby. Reading = Subject of sentence → Noun = Gerund

25. "The woman _____ the red dress is my aunt."

(A) wears

(B) wore

(C) wearing

(D) worn

✔ Answer: (C) wearing Postpositive Participial Phrase: woman + wearing (Adjective)

26. "Generally _____, he is an honest man."

(A) speak

(B) spoke

(C) spoken

(D) speaking

✔ Answer: (D) speaking Generally speaking = Fixed expression with Present Participle

27. Which sentence is grammatically CORRECT?

(A) Having no money, the bag was not bought.

(B) Having no money, she could not buy the bag.

(C) Having no money, buying was impossible.

(D) Having no money was the bag not bought.

✔ Answer: (B) Having no money, she could not buy the bag. Subject 'she' একই — Dangling Participle নেই

28. "The _____ sun made the day very pleasant."

(A) shining

(B) shone

(C) shined

(D) to shine

✔ Answer: (A) shining shining sun → Present Participle as Attributive Adjective

29. "I found him _____ in the garden."

(A) work

(B) to work

(C) worked

(D) working

✔ Answer: (D) working find + object + present participle

30. "_____ hard, he passed the exam."

(A) Study

(B) Studied

(C) Studying

(D) To studying

✔ Answer: (C) Studying Participial Phrase: Studying hard → কারণ বোঝাচ্ছে

Practice Questions

Error Detection

1. She is a very boring person. (meaning: she feels boredom)

ভুল: boring → সংশোধন: bored

ব্যাখ্যা: ব্যক্তি বিরক্ত অনুভব করে → bored; boring = যা অন্যকে বিরক্ত করে

2. Walking in the park, the trees were very tall.

ভুল: Walking in the park, the trees → সংশোধন: Walking in the park, I noticed the trees

ব্যাখ্যা: trees হাঁটছিল না — Dangling Participle; Subject 'I' যোগ করতে হবে

3. Having writing the letter, she posted it.

ভুল: Having writing → সংশোধন: Having written

ব্যাখ্যা: Having + V3 (Past Participle) = having written; 'writing' ভুল

4. I saw him to run across the street.

ভুল: to run → সংশোধন: running

ব্যাখ্যা: see + object + present participle (bare); 'to' লাগে না

5. The news was very excited.

ভুল: excited → সংশোধন: exciting

ব্যাখ্যা: news (বস্তু) → exciting; excited = ব্যক্তির অনুভূতি

6. Not knowing the way, the bus was missed by him.

ভুল: the bus was missed by him → সংশোধন: he missed the bus

ব্যাখ্যা: Dangling Participle — Subject 'he' হওয়া উচিত, Passive Voice নয়

7. Having been tired, she slept early.

ভুল: Having been tired → সংশোধন: Being tired / Tired

ব্যাখ্যা: কারণ বোঝাতে 'Being tired' বা 'Tired' যথেষ্ট — 'having been' অতিরিক্ত

8. The crying child need attention.

ভুল: need → সংশোধন: needs

ব্যাখ্যা: The crying child → Singular Subject → Singular Verb 'needs'

9. She heard him to singing outside.

ভুল: to singing → সংশোধন: singing

ব্যাখ্যা: hear + object + bare participle; 'to' লাগে না, bare form

10. Being a holiday, we stayed at home.

ভুল: Being a holiday, we → সংশোধন: It being a holiday, we

ব্যাখ্যা: 'day/holiday'-এর নিজস্ব subject দরকার → 'It being a holiday'

11. The movie was very interesting, so I was interesting too.

ভুল: I was interesting too → সংশোধন: I was interested too

ব্যাখ্যা: ব্যক্তির অনুভূতি → interested; interesting = কারণ

12. Running fast, the bus was caught.

ভুল: the bus was caught → সংশোধন: she caught the bus

ব্যাখ্যা: bus দৌড়ায়নি — Dangling Participle; Active Voice দরকার

13. She found him to sleep on the couch.

ভুল: to sleep → সংশোধন: sleeping

ব্যাখ্যা: find + object + present participle; 'to sleep' ভুল

14. Not having no money, he could not buy it.

ভুল: Not having no → সংশোধন: Not having any

ব্যাখ্যা: Double negative — 'no money' এবং 'Not' একসাথে ব্যবহার হয় না

15. The students sat in the class, listened to the teacher.

ভুল: listened → সংশোধন: listening

ব্যাখ্যা: একই সময়ে চলা দ্বিতীয় কাজ → Present Participle (listening)

16. Seeing the accident, scared was everyone.

ভুল: scared was everyone → সংশোধন: everyone was scared

ব্যাখ্যা: Participial Phrase-এর পরে Main Clause সঠিক word order-এ হবে

17. He is a very interest person.

ভুল: interest → সংশোধন: interesting

ব্যাখ্যা: Noun 'interest' নয় → Adjective দরকার → 'interesting'

18. The barking dog, it woke everyone.

ভুল: The barking dog, it → সংশোধন: The barking dog

ব্যাখ্যা: 'it' redundant — 'The barking dog' নিজেই Subject

19. Studying hardly, she passed the exam.

ভুল: hardly → সংশোধন: hard

ব্যাখ্যা: study hard = কঠোর পরিশ্রম করা; hardly = প্রায় না

20. She is interested on painting.

ভুল: on → সংশোধন: in

ব্যাখ্যা: interested in — fixed Adjective + Preposition combination

Master Reference Table — দ্রুত পর্যালোচনা

ব্যবহার

Structure

উদাহরণ

মনে রাখো

Continuous Tense

be + V+ing

She is reading.

is/am/are/was/were + V+ing

Attributive Adjective

V+ing + Noun

a running boy

Noun-এর আগে বসে

Postpositive Adjective

Noun + V+ing

I saw a boy running.

Noun-এর পরে বসে

Adverb Clause replace

V+ing, Main Clause

Seeing him, I ran.

একই Subject হতে হবে

Object Complement

Perception V + Obj + V+ing

I saw him running.

see/hear/watch/find + obj + -ing

Perfect Participle

Having + V3, Main Clause

Having eaten, he slept.

আগের কাজ বোঝাতে

Absolute Participle

Noun + V+ing, Main Clause

Weather being fine, we went out.

আলাদা Subject থাকে

Negative Participle

Not + V+ing

Not knowing, he asked.

Participle-এর আগে 'Not'

Fixed Expressions

Considering, Judging by...

Generally speaking, ...

এগুলো এখন Preposition/Conjunction

Compound Adjective

adj-V+ing

good-looking, hard-working

Hyphen দিয়ে যুক্ত

🎯 পরীক্ষার আগে শেষ মুহূর্তের চেকলিস্ট

1. boring/bored, interesting/interested, exciting/excited — বস্তু → -ing, ব্যক্তি → -ed

2. Dangling Participle — Participial Phrase-এর Subject ও Main Clause-এর Subject একই হতে হবে

3. see/hear/watch/find/catch + object + V+ing (Present Participle, 'to' নেই)

4. Having + V3 → আগে সম্পন্ন কাজ; V+ing → একই সময়ের কাজ

5. Not + V+ing → Negative Participial Phrase

6. Gerund = Noun কাজ; Present Participle = Adjective/Verb কাজ (উভয়ই V+ing)

7. look forward to + V+ing (not infinitive) — এখানে 'to' = Preposition

8. Generally speaking / Strictly speaking / Considering — এগুলো Dangling নয়, accepted expressions

9. V+ing শব্দ গঠনে: final 'e' বাদ, short vowel+consonant → double consonant

10. একই Subject-এর দুটি একসাথে চলা কাজ → V+ing phrase দিয়ে যুক্ত করা যায়