Quantifiers পরিমাণবাচক শব্দ |
Quantifier কী? — ধারণা ও সংজ্ঞা |
📌 📌 Quantifier-এর সংজ্ঞা Quantifier হলো সেই শব্দ বা শব্দগুচ্ছ যা Noun-এর পরিমাণ বা সংখ্যা বোঝায় — কিন্তু নির্দিষ্ট সংখ্যা না বলে আনুমানিক বোঝায়। উদাহরণ: some water (কিছু পানি), many books (অনেক বই), a few students (কিছু শিক্ষার্থী) Quantifier মূলত তিন ধরনের Noun-এর আগে বসে: ১. Countable Singular Noun: each student, every book, another chance ২. Countable Plural Noun: many students, few books, both teachers ৩. Uncountable Noun: much water, little money, some information ৪. উভয় (Countable Plural + Uncountable): some, any, a lot of, plenty of, most, all, enough |
Quantifier | Countable Singular | Countable Plural | Uncountable | বাংলা অর্থ |
each / every | ✓ | — | — | প্রত্যেক (আলাদাভাবে) |
another | ✓ | — | — | আরেকটি / আরেকজন |
either / neither | ✓ | — | — | দুটির একটি / কোনোটিই না |
both | — | ✓ | — | উভয় |
few / a few / the few | — | ✓ | — | কম / কিছু / যে কয়জন |
many / several / various | — | ✓ | — | অনেক / কয়েক / বিভিন্ন |
little / a little / the little | — | — | ✓ | কম / কিছু / যতটুকু |
much | — | — | ✓ | অনেক (Uncountable) |
some / any | — | ✓ | ✓ | কিছু / কোনো |
a lot of / lots of | — | ✓ | ✓ | অনেক |
plenty of | — | ✓ | ✓ | প্রচুর |
enough | — | ✓ | ✓ | যথেষ্ট |
most / most of | — | ✓ | ✓ | অধিকাংশ |
all / all of | — | ✓ | ✓ | সব / সবাই |
no / none | — | ✓ | ✓ | কোনো ... না |
more / less / fewer | — | ✓ | ✓ | বেশি / কম |
half | — | ✓ | ✓ | অর্ধেক |
whole / entire | ✓ | — | ✓ | সম্পূর্ণ / পুরো |
১. Some ও Any — সবচেয়ে বেশি ব্যবহৃত Quantifier |
SOME (কিছু) কিছু (Affirmative Sentence, Request, Offer-এ; Countable Plural ও Uncountable উভয়ে) ✓ She has some money. — তার কিছু টাকা আছে (Uncountable) ✓ I bought some books. — আমি কিছু বই কিনেছি (Countable Plural) ✓ Would you like some tea? — আপনি কি কিছু চা নেবেন? (Offer-এ Some) ✓ Can I have some water, please? — আমি কি একটু পানি নিতে পারি? (Request-এ Some) ✓ Some students passed the exam. — কিছু শিক্ষার্থী পরীক্ষায় উত্তীর্ণ হয়েছে ✓ She said something important. — সে কিছু গুরুত্বপূর্ণ কথা বলল ✗ Do you have some questions? (General) → Do you have any questions? |
ANY (কোনো / কিছু) Negative ও Interrogative Sentence-এ; Conditional-এ; 'যেকোনো' অর্থে ✓ I don't have any money. — আমার কোনো টাকা নেই (Negative) ✓ Do you have any questions? — আপনার কি কোনো প্রশ্ন আছে? (Interrogative) ✓ If you have any problem, call me. — যদি কোনো সমস্যা হয়, আমাকে কল করুন (Conditional) ✓ You can take any book you like. — আপনি যেকোনো বই নিতে পারেন (= যেকোনো) ✓ Is there any milk left? — কোনো দুধ আছে কি? ✓ Anyone can join this club. — যে কেউ এই ক্লাবে যোগ দিতে পারে ✗ I don't have some money. → I don't have any money. |
⚠️ ⚠️ Some vs Any — পরীক্ষার সবচেয়ে ট্রিকি পার্থক্য SOME → Affirmative বাক্যে, Request-এ, Offer-এ: ✓ She has some tea. ✓ Would you like some coffee? ✓ Can I have some water? ANY → Negative বাক্যে, Interrogative-এ, Conditional-এ, 'যেকোনো' অর্থে: ✓ She doesn't have any tea. ✓ Do you want any help? ✓ Take any seat. ব্যতিক্রম — Offer/Request-এ SOME (Interrogative হলেও): ✓ Would you like some more rice? (Offer → some) ✓ Can I have some sugar, please? (Request → some) Somebody/Someone/Something → Affirmative-এ Anybody/Anyone/Anything → Negative/Interrogative/Conditional-এ |
✗ I don't have some money. | ✓ I don't have any money. | Negative → any |
✗ Do you have some problem? (General Q) | ✓ Do you have any problem? | General Question → any |
✗ She hasn't told me something. | ✓ She hasn't told me anything. | Negative → anything |
✗ If you need some help, ask me. | ✓ If you need any help, ask me. | Conditional → any |
২. Many, Much ও A lot of / Lots of — পরিমাণ ও সংখ্যা বোঝানো |
MANY (অনেক (গণনাযোগ্য)) Countable Plural Noun-এর আগে; প্রশ্ন ও নেতিবাচক বাক্যে বেশি; কিছু Affirmative-এ ✓ Many students failed the exam. — অনেক শিক্ষার্থী পরীক্ষায় ফেল করেছে ✓ How many books do you have? — আপনার কাছে কতটি বই আছে? ✓ I don't have many friends. — আমার অনেক বন্ধু নেই ✓ She has visited many countries. — সে অনেক দেশে গিয়েছে ✓ There are too many people here. — এখানে অনেক বেশি মানুষ আছে ✓ Many a man has tried and failed. — অনেক মানুষ চেষ্টা করে ব্যর্থ হয়েছে (Many a + Singular Noun) ✗ She has many money. → She has a lot of money. |
MUCH (অনেক (অগণনীয়)) Uncountable Noun-এর আগে; Negative ও Interrogative-এ বেশি ✓ How much water do you need? — আপনার কতটুকু পানি দরকার? ✓ She doesn't have much time. — তার খুব বেশি সময় নেই ✓ There isn't much milk left. — খুব বেশি দুধ অবশিষ্ট নেই ✓ Much of the work is done. — অনেক কাজ সম্পন্ন হয়েছে ✓ I don't have much experience. — আমার খুব বেশি অভিজ্ঞতা নেই ✓ She spent too much money. — সে অনেক বেশি টাকা খরচ করল ✗ She has much books. → She has many books. ✗ How much students are there? → How many students are there? |
A LOT OF / LOTS OF (অনেক (উভয়ক্ষেত্রে)) Countable Plural ও Uncountable উভয় Noun-এর আগে; Affirmative-এ বেশি (Informal) ✓ She has a lot of books. — তার অনেক বই আছে (Countable) ✓ He has a lot of money. — তার অনেক টাকা আছে (Uncountable) ✓ There are lots of people outside. — বাইরে অনেক মানুষ আছে ✓ I have a lot of homework today. — আমার আজকে অনেক বাড়ির কাজ আছে ✓ They spent a lot of time together. — তারা একসাথে অনেক সময় কাটিয়েছে ✗ She has a lot of homeworks. → She has a lot of homework. |
📌 💡 Many vs Much vs A lot of — কোনটা কখন? MANY → Countable Plural: many books, many students, many countries → Formal writing-এ এবং Negative/Question-এ বেশি পছন্দনীয় MUCH → Uncountable: much water, much money, much time → Formal writing-এ এবং Negative/Question-এ বেশি পছন্দনীয় A LOT OF / LOTS OF → Countable Plural ও Uncountable উভয়: → Informal/Spoken English-এ বেশি ব্যবহৃত → Affirmative বাক্যে many/much-এর চেয়ে স্বাভাবিক তুলনা: Formal: She has many friends. / He has much patience. Informal: She has a lot of friends. / He has a lot of patience. HOW MANY vs HOW MUCH: How many + Countable Plural: How many people are there? How much + Uncountable: How much money do you need? |
৩. Few, A few ও The few — সংখ্যায় কম — Countable Plural |
Quantifier | অর্থ | মনোভাব | উদাহরণ | বাংলা |
few | অল্পই (প্রায় কেউ নেই) | Negative/Pessimistic | Few people know this. | খুব কম লোকই জানে (প্রায় কেউ না) |
a few | কিছু আছে | Positive/Optimistic | A few students passed. | কিছু শিক্ষার্থী পাস করেছে (কিছু = ভালো) |
the few | যে কয়জন/যে কয়টি আছে | Specific/Definite | The few books I have are valuable. | আমার যে কয়টি বই আছে সেগুলো মূল্যবান |
quite a few | মোটামুটি অনেক | Positive | Quite a few attended. | বেশ কিছু উপস্থিত ছিল |
a good few | বেশ কিছু | Positive | A good few came to help. | বেশ কিছু সাহায্য করতে এসেছিল |
very few | অতি নগণ্য | Very Negative | Very few know the truth. | অতি নগণ্যই সত্য জানে |
only a few | মাত্র কিছু | Limited | Only a few seats are left. | মাত্র কিছু আসন অবশিষ্ট |
not a few | বেশ কিছু (= quite a few) | Positive (emphatic) | Not a few protested. | বেশ অনেকেই প্রতিবাদ করল |
🔑 🔑 Few vs A few — সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ পার্থক্য FEW (without 'a') = NEGATIVE sense = প্রায় কেউ নেই / খুব কম: Few people attended the meeting. (প্রায় কেউ আসেনি — দুঃখের কথা) She has few friends. (তার প্রায় বন্ধু নেই — করুণার অনুভূতি) Few students passed. (খুব কম পাস করেছে — হতাশাজনক) A FEW = POSITIVE sense = কিছু আছে (সংখ্যায় কম হলেও আছে): A few people attended the meeting. (কিছু মানুষ এসেছে — সন্তুষ্টিজনক) She has a few friends. (তার কিছু বন্ধু আছে — ভালো) A few students passed. (কিছু পাস করেছে — ইতিবাচক) মনে রাখার সূত্র: 'a' = Positive/Optimistic; without 'a' = Negative/Pessimistic |
✗ Few of us knows the answer. | ✓ Few of us know the answer. | few + Plural Verb → know |
✗ I have few friends who help me. (অর্থ: আমার বন্ধু আছে) | ✓ I have a few friends who help me. | ইতিবাচক অর্থ → a few |
✗ She has a few money. | ✓ She has a little money. | money Uncountable → a little (not a few) |
৪. Little, A little ও The little — পরিমাণে কম — Uncountable Noun |
Quantifier | অর্থ | মনোভাব | উদাহরণ | বাংলা |
little | অল্পই (প্রায় নেই) | Negative/Pessimistic | She has little hope. | তার প্রায় আশা নেই |
a little | কিছুটা আছে | Positive/Optimistic | She has a little hope. | তার কিছুটা আশা আছে |
the little | যতটুকু আছে | Specific/Definite | Use the little time you have. | যতটুকু সময় আছে তা ব্যবহার করুন |
quite a little | মোটামুটি কিছু | Positive | She has quite a little patience. | তার মোটামুটি ধৈর্য আছে |
very little | অতি সামান্য | Very Negative | He has very little money. | তার অতি সামান্য টাকা আছে |
only a little | মাত্র কিছুটা | Limited | Only a little sugar is left. | মাত্র কিছুটা চিনি অবশিষ্ট |
not a little | বেশ কিছু | Positive (emphatic) | She has not a little talent. | তার বেশ কিছু প্রতিভা আছে |
🔑 🔑 Little vs A little — Same pattern as Few vs A few LITTLE (without 'a') = Almost none = প্রায় কিছুই নেই: There is little water in the glass. (গ্লাসে প্রায় পানি নেই — উদ্বেগজনক) He has little experience. (তার প্রায় অভিজ্ঞতা নেই) Little hope remains. (আশা প্রায় নেই) A LITTLE = Some exists = কিছুটা আছে: There is a little water in the glass. (গ্লাসে কিছুটা পানি আছে — যথেষ্ট) He has a little experience. (তার কিছুটা অভিজ্ঞতা আছে — ভালো) A little hope remains. (কিছুটা আশা আছে) Negative context-এ LITTLE, Positive context-এ A LITTLE! |
⚠️ ⚠️ Few/A few ও Little/A little — মনে রাখার সহজ পথ FEW → Countable Plural + Negative: Few books, few people A FEW → Countable Plural + Positive: A few books, a few people LITTLE → Uncountable + Negative: Little money, little time, little water A LITTLE → Uncountable + Positive: A little money, a little time ✗ I have few money. → ✓ I have little money. (money Uncountable) ✗ I have a little books. → ✓ I have a few books. (books Countable) সহজ নিয়ম: গণনা করা যায় → few/a few; গণনা যায় না → little/a little |
✗ She has a few money in her pocket. | ✓ She has a little money in her pocket. | money Uncountable → a little |
✗ I need a little books for the project. | ✓ I need a few books for the project. | books Countable → a few |
✗ He has little friends. (Meaning: He is lucky to have some) | ✓ He has a few friends. | ইতিবাচক অর্থ → a few |
৫. Each ও Every — প্রত্যেক — Singular Noun |
বিষয় | Each | Every |
সংজ্ঞা | প্রতিটিকে আলাদাভাবে বোঝায় | সবাইকে একসাথে (সামষ্টিকভাবে) |
সংখ্যা | দুই বা ততোধিক-এর জন্য | তিন বা ততোধিক-এর জন্য (সাধারণত) |
ব্যবহার | নির্দিষ্ট গ্রুপে প্রতিটি সদস্য | সাধারণ সত্য বা নিয়ম বোঝাতে |
Verb | Singular | Singular |
Pronoun | his/her (formal), their (informal) | his/her (formal) |
উদাহরণ | Each student was given a book. | Every student must study hard. |
পার্থক্যের উদাহরণ | Each of the five students got a prize. | Every student in the school came. |
অবস্থান | Pronoun হিসেবেও বসে: Each has done well. | সাধারণত শুধু Adjective হিসেবে |
EACH (প্রত্যেক (আলাদাভাবে)) Singular Noun + Singular Verb; দুই বা ততোধিকের জন্য; Pronoun হিসেবেও ✓ Each student has submitted the report. — প্রত্যেক শিক্ষার্থী রিপোর্ট জমা দিয়েছে ✓ Each of the boys was given a prize. — প্রতিটি ছেলেকে একটি পুরস্কার দেওয়া হয়েছে ✓ They each have their own room. — তাদের প্রত্যেকের নিজের ঘর আছে (mid-position) ✓ Each costs fifty taka. — প্রতিটির দাম পঞ্চাশ টাকা (Pronoun হিসেবে) ✓ She gave them a gift each. — সে তাদের প্রত্যেককে একটি উপহার দিল (end-position) ✗ Each of the boys have a pen. → Each of the boys has a pen. |
EVERY (প্রতিটি (সামগ্রিকভাবে)) Singular Noun + Singular Verb; Universal/General statements-এ; Fixed Expressions-এ ✓ Every student must pass the exam. — প্রতিটি শিক্ষার্থীকে পরীক্ষায় উত্তীর্ণ হতে হবে ✓ Every child deserves education. — প্রতিটি শিশু শিক্ষার অধিকারী ✓ She visits every other day. — সে প্রতি দুদিন পরপর আসে (every other = alternate) ✓ Every now and then, he visits us. — মাঝে মাঝে সে আমাদের সাথে দেখা করে ✓ Every single student came. — প্রতিটি শিক্ষার্থীই এসেছে (emphatic) ✓ I exercise every morning. — আমি প্রতিদিন সকালে ব্যায়াম করি ✗ Every of the students passed. → Each of the students passed. |
📌 💡 Each vs Every — পার্থক্য মনে রাখুন EACH → প্রতিটিকে আলাদাভাবে দেখা হচ্ছে: Each student received a different book. (প্রত্যেকে ভিন্ন বই পেল) Each of the five houses has a garden. ('each of' + Plural Noun → Singular Verb) EVERY → সবাইকে সামগ্রিকভাবে দেখা হচ্ছে: Every student must wear a uniform. (সাধারণ নিয়ম) Every house in this street has a garden. (সাধারণ সত্য) 'Every of' বলা ভুল — 'each of' + Plural Noun ব্যবহার করুন: ✗ Every of the students came. → ✓ Each of the students came. Fixed expressions with Every: every day, every time, every other day, every now and then, every once in a while, every single, every bit |
৬. Both, All, Either ও Neither — দল ও বিভাজন বোঝানো |
BOTH (উভয় (দুজনকেই)) দুটির দুটোকেই বোঝায়; Plural Verb; 'both of the' বা 'both the'(+Plural Noun) ✓ Both students passed the exam. — উভয় শিক্ষার্থী পরীক্ষায় উত্তীর্ণ হয়েছে ✓ Both of them are correct. — তাদের দুজনই সঠিক ✓ I like both tea and coffee. — আমি চা এবং কফি উভয়ই পছন্দ করি ✓ She has lived in both Dhaka and Chittagong. — সে ঢাকা ও চট্টগ্রাম উভয়তেই বাস করেছে ✓ They both agreed to the plan. — তারা উভয়ই পরিকল্পনায় রাজি হলো (mid-position) ✗ Both of them is guilty. → Both of them are guilty. ✗ Both my brother is tall. → Both my brothers are tall. |
ALL (সব / সবকিছু) তিন বা ততোধিকের সবাইকে বোঝায়; Countable Plural ও Uncountable উভয় ✓ All students must attend. — সব শিক্ষার্থীকে উপস্থিত থাকতে হবে (Countable Plural) ✓ All the water is gone. — সব পানি শেষ হয়ে গেছে (Uncountable → Singular) ✓ All of them have finished. — তাদের সবাই শেষ করেছে (Countable → Plural) ✓ All is well. — সব ঠিকঠাক (Abstract → Singular) ✓ She is all alone. — সে একদম একা (emphatic: all + adjective) ✗ All student must attend. → All students must attend. |
EITHER (দুটির যেকোনো একটি) শুধুমাত্র দুটির মধ্য থেকে একটি; Singular Verb; either...or ✓ Either of the two roads leads to the city. — দুটি রাস্তার যেকোনো একটি শহরে যায় (Singular Verb) ✓ You can use either hand. — আপনি যেকোনো হাত ব্যবহার করতে পারেন ✓ Either he or she is responsible. — সে অথবা তিনি দায়ী ✓ There are shops on either side of the road. — রাস্তার উভয় পাশে দোকান আছে (= both sides) ✗ Either of the three boys is guilty. → Any one of the three boys is guilty. ✗ Either of them are ready. → Either of them is ready. |
NEITHER (দুটির কোনোটিই না) শুধুমাত্র দুটির জন্য; Singular Verb; neither...nor ✓ Neither of the two answers is correct. — দুটি উত্তরের কোনোটিই সঠিক নয় ✓ Neither he nor she was present. — সে এবং তিনি কেউই উপস্থিত ছিলেন না ✓ I have two pens but neither works. — আমার দুটি কলম আছে কিন্তু কোনোটিই কাজ করে না ✓ Neither story is believable. — কোনো গল্পটিই বিশ্বাসযোগ্য নয় ✗ Neither of the three girls was present. → None of the three girls was present. ✗ Neither of them are right. → Neither of them is right. |
⚠️ ⚠️ Either/Neither vs Any/None — কোনটা কতজনের জন্য? EITHER / NEITHER → শুধুমাত্র দুটির জন্য: Either of the two books is good. Neither of the two roads is safe. ANY ONE / NONE → তিন বা ততোধিকের জন্য: Any one of the three books is good. None of the three roads is safe. BOTH → দুটির দুটোর জন্য: Both books are good. ALL → তিন বা ততোধিকের সবগুলোর জন্য: All three books are good. Verb Agreement: both → Plural; either/neither → Singular; all → depends (context) |
৭. No, None, Nothing ও Nobody — নেতিবাচক Quantifier |
Quantifier | ব্যবহার | উদাহরণ | Verb |
no + Noun | Noun-এর আগে Adjective হিসেবে | No student failed. | Singular বা Plural |
none of + the + Plural | Pronoun হিসেবে, 'of'-এর পরে | None of the students passed. | Singular বা Plural (উভয়) |
none | Pronoun হিসেবে একা | None passed. / None is perfect. | উভয় |
nothing | কিছু না (বস্তু) | I know nothing. | Singular |
nobody / no one | কেউ না (ব্যক্তি) | Nobody was at home. | Singular |
no one | কেউ না (ব্যক্তি — formal) | No one knows the truth. | Singular |
NO (কোনো ... না) Adjective হিসেবে Noun-এর আগে; Countable ও Uncountable উভয় ✓ No student failed the exam. — কোনো শিক্ষার্থী পরীক্ষায় ফেল করেনি (Singular Noun) ✓ No students failed the exam. — কোনো শিক্ষার্থী পরীক্ষায় ফেল করেনি (Plural Noun) ✓ There is no water in the glass. — গ্লাসে কোনো পানি নেই (Uncountable) ✓ She has no money. — তার কোনো টাকা নেই ✓ There is no reason to worry. — চিন্তার কোনো কারণ নেই ✗ No of the students passed. → None of the students passed. |
💡 💡 No vs None — পার্থক্য NO → সবসময় Adjective; Noun-এর আগে বসে: No student / No money / No reason → Noun-এর আগে 'No of' — এভাবে বলা যায় না NONE → সবসময় Pronoun; একা বা 'of'-এর পরে বসে: None of the students passed. → 'of the' + Noun-এর পরে None passed. → একা Subject হিসেবে NONE-এর Verb Agreement: Formal/Traditional: None is perfect. (Singular) Informal/Modern: None of them are here. (Plural) পরীক্ষায়: Singular Verb বেশি নিরাপদ |
৮. Enough — যথেষ্ট — Countable ও Uncountable উভয় |
ENOUGH (যথেষ্ট) Countable Plural ও Uncountable উভয়ের আগে; Adjective/Adverb-এর পরেও বসে ✓ We have enough food for everyone. — সবার জন্য আমাদের যথেষ্ট খাবার আছে (Uncountable) ✓ Are there enough chairs? — যথেষ্ট চেয়ার আছে কি? (Countable Plural) ✓ She is old enough to vote. — সে ভোট দেওয়ার জন্য যথেষ্ট বয়স্ক (Adjective-এর পরে) ✓ He runs fast enough to catch the bus. — সে বাস ধরার মতো যথেষ্ট দ্রুত দৌড়ায় (Adverb-এর পরে) ✓ I have enough of your excuses. — আপনার ওজর আমি যথেষ্ট শুনেছি (enough of + Noun) ✓ Enough is enough. — এটুকুই যথেষ্ট (Pronoun হিসেবে) ✗ She is enough old to vote. → She is old enough to vote. ✗ He runs enough fast. → He runs fast enough. |
⚠️ ⚠️ Enough-এর অবস্থান নিয়মটি পরীক্ষায় আসে! Enough — Noun-এর আগে বা পরে বসে: ✓ enough food / food enough (উভয়ই গ্রহণযোগ্য, তবে 'enough food' বেশি প্রচলিত) Enough — Adjective/Adverb-এর পরে বসে (আগে নয়!): ✓ old enough ✗ enough old ✓ fast enough ✗ enough fast ✓ smart enough ✗ enough smart Structure: Subject + be + Adjective + enough + to + V1 ✓ She is tall enough to reach the shelf. ✓ He is old enough to drive. Too vs Enough: too + Adjective → অতিরিক্ত (negative): He is too young to drive. Adjective + enough → যথেষ্ট (positive): He is old enough to drive. |
✗ She is enough tall to reach. | ✓ She is tall enough to reach. | enough → Adjective-এর পরে |
✗ We don't have enough of time. | ✓ We don't have enough time. | enough + Noun directly (no 'of' before Noun) |
৯. Too much, Too many, Too little ও Too few — অতিরিক্ততা ও অপ্রতুলতা |
Quantifier | Noun Type | অর্থ | উদাহরণ |
too much | Uncountable | অনেক বেশি (নেতিবাচক) | She spends too much money. |
too many | Countable Plural | অনেক বেশি (নেতিবাচক) | There are too many people here. |
too little | Uncountable | অনেক কম (নেতিবাচক) | I have too little time. |
too few | Countable Plural | অনেক কম (নেতিবাচক) | Too few students attended. |
so much | Uncountable | এত (পরিমাণ জোর দিতে) | I have so much work today. |
so many | Countable Plural | এত (সংখ্যা জোর দিতে) | There are so many books here. |
as much as | Uncountable | যতটুকু ... ততটুকু | Take as much as you need. |
as many as | Countable Plural | যতগুলো ... ততগুলো | Take as many as you want. |
TOO — সতর্কতা (অতিরিক্ত — সবসময় নেতিবাচক অর্থে) Too = নেতিবাচক; Much/Many/Little/Few-এর আগে বসে পরিমাণ/সংখ্যার আধিক্য বোঝায় ✓ She has too much work and too little time. — তার অনেক বেশি কাজ এবং অনেক কম সময় ✓ Too many cooks spoil the broth. — অতিরিক্ত রাঁধুনি খাবার নষ্ট করে (Proverb) ✓ He made too many mistakes. — সে অনেক বেশি ভুল করেছে (Countable) ✓ There was too little food for everyone. — সবার জন্য অনেক কম খাবার ছিল (Uncountable) ✓ Too few people voted. — অনেক কম মানুষ ভোট দিয়েছে (Countable Plural) ✗ She has too much books. → She has too many books. ✗ He has too many money. → He has too much money. |
১০. Most ও Most of — অধিকাংশ |
MOST / MOST OF (অধিকাংশ / বেশিরভাগ) Countable Plural ও Uncountable উভয়; 'Most of' + the/these/those/my ইত্যাদি ✓ Most students passed the exam. — অধিকাংশ শিক্ষার্থী পরীক্ষায় উত্তীর্ণ হয়েছে (no 'the') ✓ Most of the students passed. — অধিকাংশ শিক্ষার্থী উত্তীর্ণ হয়েছে (specific group) ✓ Most of the time is wasted. — বেশিরভাগ সময়ই নষ্ট হয় (Uncountable) ✓ Most of my friends are here. — আমার বেশিরভাগ বন্ধু এখানে আছে ✓ He works most of the day. — সে দিনের বেশিরভাগ সময় কাজ করে ✓ Most importantly, stay safe. — সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণভাবে, নিরাপদ থাকুন (Adverb) ✗ The most of students passed. → Most students passed. ✗ Most of students passed. → Most of the students passed. |
📌 📌 Most vs Most of — সঠিক ব্যবহার MOST + Noun (কোনো 'the' নেই) → General/Universal: Most students like English. (সাধারণভাবে শিক্ষার্থীরা) Most food is expensive now. (সাধারণভাবে খাবার) MOST OF + the/these/those/my/her/his... + Noun → Specific group: Most of the students passed. (নির্দিষ্ট শিক্ষার্থীরা — ওই ব্যাচ) Most of my money is gone. (আমার নির্দিষ্ট টাকা) Most of these books are new. (এই নির্দিষ্ট বইগুলো) ✗ The most of students came. (ভুল — 'the most' = Superlative) ✗ Most of students came. (ভুল — 'of'-এর পরে Determiner দরকার) ✓ Most students came. (সঠিক — General) ✓ Most of the students came. (সঠিক — Specific) |
১১. Another, Other, Others ও The other / The others — পার্থক্য ও সঠিক ব্যবহার |
Quantifier | Noun | অর্থ | উদাহরণ |
another | Singular Countable | আরেকটি / অন্য একটি (অনির্দিষ্ট) | Give me another chance. |
other | Plural Countable / Uncountable | অন্য (আরো কিছু — অনির্দিষ্ট) | I have other books. / Other work is needed. |
others | Pronoun (Plural) | অন্যরা (বাকিরা — অনির্দিষ্ট) | Others may disagree. |
the other | Singular (দুটির মধ্যে বাকি একটি) | (দুটির মধ্যে) অন্যটি | One is blue; the other is red. |
the others | Plural (নির্দিষ্ট বাকিরা) | (নির্দিষ্ট গ্রুপের) বাকিরা | Some left; the others stayed. |
the other + Noun | Specific Noun | নির্দিষ্ট অন্য Noun | The other students came late. |
every other | Alternate | প্রতি দুজন/দুটির মধ্যে | She visits every other day. |
ANOTHER vs OTHER vs OTHERS (অন্য / বাকি) Singular-এ another; Plural-এ other (adj) / others (pronoun) ✓ I need another pen. — আমার আরেকটি কলম দরকার (Singular — অনির্দিষ্ট) ✓ I have other pens. — আমার আরো কলম আছে (Plural — Adjective) ✓ Others have already left. — অন্যরা ইতিমধ্যে চলে গেছে (Pronoun — Plural) ✓ One hand washes the other. — এক হাত আরেক হাত ধোয় (দুটির মধ্যে বাকি একটি) ✓ Some agreed; the others disagreed. — কিছু রাজি হলো; বাকিরা দ্বিমত করল (নির্দিষ্ট বাকিরা) ✗ Give me other pen. → Give me another pen. ✗ I need anothers. → I need others. ✗ Others students are waiting. → Other students are waiting. |
১২. Several, Various ও Numerous — বিভিন্নতা ও পরিমাণ |
SEVERAL (কয়েক / বেশ কয়েক) Countable Plural Noun-এর আগে; 'more than two but not very many' ✓ She has visited several countries. — সে বেশ কয়েকটি দেশ ভ্রমণ করেছে ✓ Several students were absent. — বেশ কয়েকজন শিক্ষার্থী অনুপস্থিত ছিল ✓ The project took several months. — প্রকল্পটি বেশ কয়েক মাস সময় নিয়েছে ✓ I have told him several times. — আমি তাকে বেশ কয়েকবার বলেছি ✗ She needs several informations. → She needs several pieces of information. |
VARIOUS (বিভিন্ন) Countable Plural Noun-এর আগে; 'of different kinds' ✓ People came from various parts of the country. — দেশের বিভিন্ন অংশ থেকে মানুষ এসেছে ✓ She has worked in various fields. — সে বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্রে কাজ করেছে ✓ There are various reasons for this. — এর জন্য বিভিন্ন কারণ আছে ✗ There are various type of this. → There are various types of this. |
NUMEROUS (অসংখ্য) Countable Plural Noun-এর আগে; 'very many' ✓ Numerous attempts have been made. — অসংখ্য প্রচেষ্টা করা হয়েছে ✓ She received numerous awards. — সে অসংখ্য পুরস্কার পেয়েছে ✓ There are numerous examples. — অসংখ্য উদাহরণ আছে ✗ Numerous amount of money was spent. → A large amount of money was spent. |
১৩. Plenty of, A great deal of ও অন্যান্য — প্রচুর পরিমাণ বোঝানো |
Quantifier | Noun Type | অর্থ | উদাহরণ |
plenty of | Countable Plural + Uncountable | প্রচুর (যথেষ্টের বেশি) | There is plenty of food / There are plenty of books. |
a great deal of | Uncountable only | প্রচুর পরিমাণ (formal) | She has a great deal of patience. |
a good deal of | Uncountable only | বেশ প্রচুর (formal) | He spent a good deal of money. |
a large amount of | Uncountable | বিশাল পরিমাণ | A large amount of money was raised. |
a large number of | Countable Plural | বিশাল সংখ্যা | A large number of students attended. |
a great number of | Countable Plural | বিশাল সংখ্যা (formal) | A great number of people protested. |
a good number of | Countable Plural | বেশ সংখ্যক | A good number of students passed. |
a little bit of | Uncountable (informal) | সামান্য একটু | Add a little bit of salt. |
a piece of | Uncountable (specific unit) | একটি টুকরো/একটি | Give me a piece of advice / paper / cake. |
a bit of | Uncountable | একটু | She has a bit of experience. |
📌 📌 Amount vs Number — এই পার্থক্য পরীক্ষায় আসে A LARGE AMOUNT OF → Uncountable Noun: ✓ a large amount of money / food / information / work ✗ a large amount of students / books / people A LARGE NUMBER OF → Countable Plural Noun: ✓ a large number of students / books / people / cars ✗ a large number of money / information / water A GREAT DEAL OF → Uncountable (formal/written): ✓ a great deal of effort / time / work / courage PLENTY OF → উভয় (Countable Plural + Uncountable): ✓ plenty of books / plenty of water / plenty of time / plenty of people |
✗ A large amount of students attended. | ✓ A large number of students attended. | students Countable → a large number of |
✗ A large number of money was raised. | ✓ A large amount of money was raised. | money Uncountable → a large amount of |
✗ A great deal of books are here. | ✓ A great number of books are here. | books Countable → a great number of (not deal) |
১৪. Half, Whole ও Entire — অর্ধেক ও সম্পূর্ণ |
HALF (অর্ধেক) Half + of + Noun বা Half + Noun (without of) ✓ Half of the students were absent. — অর্ধেক শিক্ষার্থী অনুপস্থিত ছিল (Specific group) ✓ Half the students were absent. — অর্ধেক শিক্ষার্থী অনুপস্থিত ছিল (without 'of' = আরো সাধারণ) ✓ Half of the water is gone. — অর্ধেক পানি শেষ হয়ে গেছে (Uncountable) ✓ She spent half her life abroad. — সে তার জীবনের অর্ধেক বিদেশে কাটিয়েছে ✓ Half a dozen eggs. — আধ ডজন ডিম (half + a + Noun) ✗ Half of students were absent. → Half of the students were absent. |
WHOLE / ENTIRE (সম্পূর্ণ / পুরো) the + whole/entire + Singular Noun; whole + Plural Noun ✓ She ate the whole cake. — সে পুরো কেকটি খেল (the whole + Singular) ✓ He worked the whole day. — সে সারাদিন কাজ করল ✓ The entire city was flooded. — পুরো শহর প্লাবিত হয়েছিল (entire = formal whole) ✓ Whole families were affected. — পুরো পরিবারগুলো ক্ষতিগ্রস্ত হয়েছিল (Plural — no 'the') ✓ I have read the whole book. — আমি পুরো বইটি পড়েছি ✗ She ate a whole cake. (specific one) → She ate the whole cake. |
১৫. Less, Fewer ও More — তুলনামূলক পরিমাণ ও সংখ্যা |
Quantifier | Noun Type | অর্থ | উদাহরণ |
fewer | Countable Plural | কম সংখ্যায় | Fewer students came today. |
less | Uncountable | কম পরিমাণে | She drinks less coffee now. |
less | Number (amount/time) | কম (পরিমাণ/সময়) | It takes less than an hour. |
more | Countable Plural + Uncountable | বেশি | I need more time / more books. |
the more... the more... | Parallel Comparison | যত ... তত ... | The more you read, the more you learn. |
no more | কোনো ... আর নেই | আর নেই | There is no more food. |
no fewer than | কমপক্ষে (Countable) | অন্তত সংখ্যায় | No fewer than 50 people came. |
no less than | কমপক্ষে (Uncountable) | অন্তত পরিমাণে | She has no less than $1000. |
🔑 🔑 Less vs Fewer — পরীক্ষার সবচেয়ে ট্রিকি পার্থক্য FEWER → Countable Plural Noun-এর আগে (কম সংখ্যায়): ✓ Fewer students attended. (ছাত্র সংখ্যায় কম) ✓ There are fewer cars today. (গাড়ি সংখ্যায় কম) ✓ He has fewer books than me. (বই সংখ্যায় কম) LESS → Uncountable Noun-এর আগে (কম পরিমাণে): ✓ She has less money. (টাকা পরিমাণে কম) ✓ I need less time. (সময় পরিমাণে কম) ✓ Drink less water at night. (পানি কম পরিমাণে) LESS — বিশেষ ক্ষেত্র (Countable হলেও): ✓ less than 5 minutes (সময় বা পরিমাপ) ✓ less than 10 people (non-standard কিন্তু informal-এ চলে) সহজ নিয়ম: গণনা যায় → fewer; গণনা যায় না → less |
✗ Less students came today. | ✓ Fewer students came today. | students Countable → fewer |
✗ She has fewer money than me. | ✓ She has less money than me. | money Uncountable → less |
✗ I need more informations. | ✓ I need more information. | information Uncountable → no plural -s |
১৬. বিশেষ ট্রিকি নিয়মাবলি — পরীক্ষায় বিশেষভাবে আসে |
⚠️ ⚠️ Much — Affirmative বাক্যে 'much' অস্বাভাবিক Informal/Spoken Affirmative-এ 'much' একা বসলে অস্বাভাবিক শোনায়: ✗ (awkward) I have much money. → ✓ I have a lot of money. ✗ (awkward) She has much work. → ✓ She has a lot of work. কিন্তু 'so much', 'too much', 'very much', 'how much'-এ Affirmative-এ চলে: ✓ I have so much work today. ✓ She has too much money. ✓ Thank you very much! Formal Written English-এ 'much' Affirmative-এ গ্রহণযোগ্য: ✓ Much progress has been made. (Formal Writing) ✓ Much effort was needed. (Formal/Academic) |
⚠️ ⚠️ Many a + Singular Noun + Singular Verb Many a → Singular Noun + Singular Verb (বহুবচন অর্থ, কিন্তু একবচন গঠন) ✓ Many a student has failed. (not 'have failed') ✓ Many a man has tried this. (not 'have tried') ✓ Many a flower is born to blush. (not 'are born') ✗ Many a students have failed. → Many a student has failed. ✗ Many a men try to cheat. → Many a man tries to cheat. |
💡 💡 Such — Quantifier হিসেবে ব্যবহার SUCH + a/an + Singular Countable Noun: ✓ She is such a good student. (এত ভালো শিক্ষার্থী) ✓ It was such a long journey. SUCH + Plural/Uncountable Noun (no article): ✓ Such students are rare. (এই ধরনের শিক্ষার্থী) ✓ Such music is soothing. SUCH AS → উদাহরণ দিতে: ✓ Fruits such as mango and jackfruit are tropical. SO + Adjective/Adverb; SUCH + Noun: ✓ She is so beautiful. (Adjective → so) ✓ She is such a beauty. (Noun → such) |
💡 💡 'Of' — Quantifier-এর পরে কখন? Quantifier + of + the/these/those/my/her/his... + Noun → Specific reference: most of the students half of the money some of my books none of the answers all of the people both of them Quantifier + Noun (without of) → General reference: most students half the money some books none answered কখনো 'of' লাগে না সরাসরি Noun-এর আগে: ✓ most students / many students / several books / enough time ✗ most of students / many of students (Determiner নেই → 'of' নয়) |
MCQ Practice Set |
1. "I don't have _____ money left." (A) some (B) any (C) few (D) little ✔ Answer: (B) any Negative → any (not some) |
2. "She has _____ books on her shelf." (A) much (B) a lot of (C) a little (D) less ✔ Answer: (B) a lot of books Countable Plural → a lot of (not much) |
3. "_____ students attended the seminar." — কম হলেও কিছু ছিল। (A) Few (B) A few (C) Little (D) A little ✔ Answer: (B) A few ইতিবাচক অর্থ (কিছু ছিল) → A few |
4. "There is _____ hope left." — প্রায় আশা নেই। (A) few (B) a few (C) little (D) a little ✔ Answer: (C) little hope Uncountable + Negative sense → little |
5. "How _____ water do you need?" (A) many (B) few (C) much (D) several ✔ Answer: (C) much water Uncountable → how much |
6. "How _____ students are in the class?" (A) much (B) little (C) many (D) a little ✔ Answer: (C) many students Countable → how many |
7. "_____ of the three boys is guilty." — তিনজনের মধ্যে কেউই না। (A) Neither (B) Either (C) None (D) No ✔ Answer: (C) None তিনজনের জন্য → none (neither = দুজনের জন্য) |
8. "_____ of the two roads leads to the market." (A) None (B) Both (C) Neither (D) All ✔ Answer: (C) Neither দুটির মধ্যে কোনোটিই না → neither + Singular |
9. "She is old _____ to vote." (A) enough (B) too (C) very (D) so ✔ Answer: (A) enough Adjective-এর পরে → enough |
10. "There are _____ students in this class." — অনেক বেশি। (A) too many (B) too much (C) very many (D) too few ✔ Answer: (A) too many students Countable → too many |
11. "She has _____ experience in teaching." (A) many (B) few (C) little (D) a few ✔ Answer: (C) little experience Uncountable → little/a little (কম থাকলে 'little') |
12. "_____ students passed the exam." — অধিকাংশ। (A) Most (B) Most of (C) The most (D) Almost ✔ Answer: (A) Most General statement, no 'the' → Most students |
13. "I need _____ advice." — একটি পরামর্শ। (A) an (B) a piece of (C) some pieces of (D) many ✔ Answer: (B) a piece of advice Uncountable → a piece of advice |
14. "_____ books she has are very valuable." (A) The few (B) A few (C) Few (D) Few of ✔ Answer: (A) The few নির্দিষ্ট (যে কটা আছে) → The few |
15. "A large _____ of money was donated." (A) number (B) amount (C) deal (D) group ✔ Answer: (B) amount money Uncountable → a large amount of |
16. "A large _____ of students attended." (A) amount (B) much (C) number (D) deal ✔ Answer: (C) number students Countable → a large number of |
17. "Would you like _____ more tea?" (A) any (B) some (C) few (D) many ✔ Answer: (B) some Offer → some |
18. "Each of the students _____ a prize." (A) receive (B) receives (C) received (D) had been receiving ✔ Answer: (C) received each → Singular; context: past → received |
19. "Every student _____ study hard." (A) have to (B) has to (C) are to (D) were to ✔ Answer: (B) has to every + Singular → has to |
20. "Both students _____ present." (A) was (B) is (C) are (D) have ✔ Answer: (C) are both → Plural → are |
21. "Neither of them _____ ready." (A) are (B) were (C) is (D) have ✔ Answer: (C) is neither → Singular → is |
22. "I have _____ friends in this city." — মনে কষ্ট বোঝাচ্ছে। (A) a few (B) the few (C) few (D) some ✔ Answer: (C) few Pessimistic/Negative sense → few |
23. "_____ students came late today." — মোটামুটি অনেক। (A) Quite a few (B) Quite a little (C) Quite few (D) Quite little ✔ Answer: (A) Quite a few students Countable + ইতিবাচক → Quite a few |
24. "She spent _____ time preparing for the exam." (A) many (B) much (C) few (D) a few ✔ Answer: (B) much time Uncountable → much |
25. "Give me _____ book from the shelf." (A) other (B) another (C) others (D) the another ✔ Answer: (B) another Singular + অনির্দিষ্ট → another |
26. "_____ the students came except Rahim." (A) All (B) All of (C) Most of (D) The most of ✔ Answer: (B) All of Specific group + 'the' implied → All of the / Most of the |
27. "_____ students came. _____ went home early." — নির্দিষ্ট বাকিরা। (A) Several / The others (B) Several / Others (C) A few / Other (D) Some / The other ✔ Answer: (A) Several / The others নির্দিষ্ট বাকিরা → the others |
28. "She has _____ a lot of money." — অনেক বেশি। (A) too (B) very (C) so (D) much ✔ Answer: (A) too too a lot of → too much money |
29. "He drank _____ water after the race." (A) many (B) few (C) a few (D) a lot of ✔ Answer: (D) a lot of water Uncountable; Positive → a lot of |
30. "_____ student must carry an ID card." — প্রতিটি। (A) Each (B) Every (C) All (D) Both ✔ Answer: (B) Every General rule/universal → Every |
31. "Take _____ seat you like." — যেকোনো। (A) some (B) any (C) few (D) several ✔ Answer: (B) any যেকোনো → any |
32. "She ate _____ whole pizza." — পুরোটা। (A) a (B) the (C) whole (D) half ✔ Answer: (B) the the whole pizza (নির্দিষ্ট) |
33. "_____ students came than expected." — প্রত্যাশার চেয়ে কম। (A) Less (B) Fewer (C) Little (D) Least ✔ Answer: (B) Fewer students Countable → fewer |
34. "She has _____ of courage." — প্রচুর (formal)। (A) plenty (B) a great deal (C) many (D) several ✔ Answer: (B) a great deal courage Uncountable → a great deal of |
35. "Most _____ students passed." — General statement। (A) of the (B) of (C) the (D) —— ✔ Answer: (D) —— General → Most students (no 'of the') |
Practice Questions — শূন্যস্থান পূরণ করুন ও সংশোধন করুন |
Part A: শূন্যস্থানে সঠিক Quantifier বসান:
1. I don't have _____ (some/any) idea about this topic.
2. Would you like _____ (some/any) more coffee?
3. She has _____ (few/little) experience in teaching.
4. Only _____ (few/a few) people know this secret.
5. There is _____ (few/little) hope of recovery.
6. _____ (A little/A few) money is better than none.
7. How _____ (much/many) information do you need?
8. How _____ (much/many) books have you read this year?
9. She has _____ (a lot of/much) books in her library.
10. He has _____ (a lot of/many) patience with students.
11. A large _____ (number/amount) of students attended.
12. A large _____ (number/amount) of money was donated.
13. _____ (Less/Fewer) people are reading newspapers now.
14. She drinks _____ (less/fewer) tea than before.
15. _____ (Each/Every) of the five boys received a prize.
16. _____ (Each/Every) citizen must follow the law.
17. _____ (Either/Neither) of the two roads is safe. — কোনোটিই না।
18. _____ (Either/Any one) of the three medicines will work.
19. She is _____ enough (old/enough old) to drive.
20. Give me _____ (another/other) pen; this one is broken.
21. I have _____ (other/others) work to do today.
22. Some stayed; _____ (others/the others) went home early. — নির্দিষ্ট।
23. _____ (Most/Most of) students like playing cricket.
24. _____ (Most/Most of) the students passed the final exam.
25. There are _____ (too many/too much) problems to solve.
26. She spent _____ (too many/too much) time on social media.
27. I need _____ (a piece of/a/an) advice from you.
28. A _____ (great deal/great number) of effort was required.
29. Please give me _____ (half/half of) the cake.
30. _____ (All/Both) three contestants were brilliant.
Part B: নিচের বাক্যগুলোতে ভুল খুঁজুন এবং সংশোধন করুন:
1. I don't have some money left in my wallet.
2. She needs few books for the project. (অর্থ: কিছু বই দরকার)
3. He has a few patience with lazy students.
4. I have little friends who understand me. (অর্থ: কিছু বন্ধু আছে)
5. She has many money in her bank account.
6. How much students are in the class?
7. Neither of the three boys was present.
8. Either of them are ready to help.
9. Both of the students is absent.
10. She is enough tall to reach the shelf.
11. We don't have enough of time for this.
12. There are too much noise outside.
13. He has too many money for his needs.
14. A large amount of students came to the event.
15. A large number of money was stolen.
16. Most of students passed the exam.
17. The most of the work is done.
18. She has a lot of homeworks today.
19. Give me other book; I've finished this one. (একটি বই চাইছে)
20. He has several informations about the case.
Error Detection — ভুল শনাক্ত করুন ও সংশোধন করুন |
নিচের প্রতিটি বাক্যে Quantifier-সংক্রান্ত একটি ভুল আছে।
1. She has many money in her account. ভুল: many money → সংশোধন: much money / a lot of money ব্যাখ্যা: money Uncountable → much (not many) |
2. I don't have some friends in this city. ভুল: some friends → সংশোধন: any friends ব্যাখ্যা: Negative → any (not some) |
3. He has a few money left. ভুল: a few money → সংশোধন: a little money ব্যাখ্যা: money Uncountable → a little (not a few) |
4. She needs few books. (অর্থ: কিছু দরকার) ভুল: few books → সংশোধন: a few books ব্যাখ্যা: Positive sense → a few (few = প্রায় নেই) |
5. How much students are absent today? ভুল: How much → সংশোধন: How many ব্যাখ্যা: students Countable → how many |
6. Neither of the three girls was present. ভুল: Neither of the three → সংশোধন: None of the three ব্যাখ্যা: তিনজনের জন্য → none (neither = দুজন) |
7. Either of them are responsible. ভুল: are → সংশোধন: is ব্যাখ্যা: either → Singular → is |
8. Both of them is going to the party. ভুল: is → সংশোধন: are ব্যাখ্যা: both → Plural → are |
9. She is enough intelligent to lead. ভুল: enough intelligent → সংশোধন: intelligent enough ব্যাখ্যা: enough → Adjective-এর পরে |
10. We don't have enough of time. ভুল: enough of time → সংশোধন: enough time ব্যাখ্যা: enough + Noun (no 'of' before Noun) |
11. There are too much people outside. ভুল: too much people → সংশোধন: too many people ব্যাখ্যা: people Countable → too many |
12. He spent too many money on clothes. ভুল: too many money → সংশোধন: too much money ব্যাখ্যা: money Uncountable → too much |
13. A large amount of students attended. ভুল: A large amount of students → সংশোধন: A large number of students ব্যাখ্যা: students Countable → a large number of |
14. A great deal of students came. ভুল: A great deal of students → সংশোধন: A great number of students ব্যাখ্যা: students Countable → a great number of |
15. Most of students passed. ভুল: Most of students → সংশোধন: Most of the students / Most students ব্যাখ্যা: Most of + Determiner + Noun |
16. She has a lot of homeworks. ভুল: homeworks → সংশোধন: homework ব্যাখ্যা: homework Uncountable → no plural -s |
17. Many a students have passed. ভুল: Many a students have → সংশোধন: Many a student has ব্যাখ্যা: Many a + Singular + Singular Verb |
18. Less students came this year. ভুল: Less students → সংশোধন: Fewer students ব্যাখ্যা: students Countable → fewer |
19. She has fewer information than expected. ভুল: fewer information → সংশোধন: less information ব্যাখ্যা: information Uncountable → less |
20. Give me other book. (একটি বই চাইছে) ভুল: other book → সংশোধন: another book ব্যাখ্যা: Singular Countable → another |
21. Others students are waiting outside. ভুল: Others students → সংশোধন: Other students ব্যাখ্যা: Adjective → other (others = Pronoun) |
22. Every of the students came late. ভুল: Every of → সংশোধন: Each of ব্যাখ্যা: 'Every of' ভুল; Pronoun হিসেবে → each of |
23. She has a little friends. ভুল: a little friends → সংশোধন: a few friends ব্যাখ্যা: friends Countable → a few |
24. He gave me an advice. ভুল: an advice → সংশোধন: a piece of advice ব্যাখ্যা: advice Uncountable → a piece of advice |
25. There are plenty of informations. ভুল: informations → সংশোধন: information ব্যাখ্যা: information Uncountable → no plural -s |
Master Reference Table |
Quantifier | Countable Plural | Uncountable | পরিস্থিতি | মনে রাখুন |
some | ✓ | ✓ | Affirmative, Offer, Request | Don't → any; Offer → some |
any | ✓ | ✓ | Negative, Question, Conditional | যেকোনো অর্থেও any |
many | ✓ | — | Negative/Q-এ formal; বেশি | many books, many students |
much | — | ✓ | Negative/Q-এ formal; বেশি | much money, much time |
a lot of | ✓ | ✓ | Informal; Affirmative-এ বেশি | সব ক্ষেত্রে চলে |
few | ✓ | — | Negative sense (প্রায় নেই) | few friends = almost none |
a few | ✓ | — | Positive sense (কিছু আছে) | a few friends = some |
the few | ✓ | — | Specific (যে কয়জন) | the few books I have |
little | — | ✓ | Negative sense (প্রায় নেই) | little hope = almost none |
a little | — | ✓ | Positive sense (কিছু আছে) | a little hope = some |
each | Singular | — | আলাদাভাবে; Pronoun-ও | each student has |
every | Singular | — | সামগ্রিকভাবে; Adjective only | every student must |
both | ✓ (only 2) | — | দুটির দুটোই; Plural Verb | both are correct |
all | ✓ | ✓ | সবাই / সব; Context Verb | all students / all water |
either | Singular (2) | — | দুটির একটি; Singular Verb | either of the two |
neither | Singular (2) | — | দুটির কোনোটিই না | neither of the two |
none | ✓ | ✓ | কেউ না / কিছু না | none of the students |
enough | ✓ | ✓ | যথেষ্ট; Adj-এর পরে | old enough to vote |
too many | ✓ | — | অনেক বেশি (নেতিবাচক) | too many people |
too much | — | ✓ | অনেক বেশি (নেতিবাচক) | too much noise |
fewer | ✓ | — | তুলনায় কম সংখ্যায় | fewer students |
less | — | ✓ | তুলনায় কম পরিমাণে | less money |
most | ✓ | ✓ | অধিকাংশ; General | most students |
most of | ✓ | ✓ | নির্দিষ্ট গ্রুপের অধিকাংশ | most of the students |
several | ✓ | — | বেশ কয়েক (3-7) | several books |
plenty of | ✓ | ✓ | প্রচুর | plenty of food / books |
a large number of | ✓ | — | বিশাল সংখ্যা | a large number of people |
a large amount of | — | ✓ | বিশাল পরিমাণ | a large amount of money |
a great deal of | — | ✓ | প্রচুর (formal) | a great deal of effort |
another | Singular | — | আরেকটি (অনির্দিষ্ট) | another chance |
other | ✓ | ✓ | অন্য (Adjective) | other books |
others | ✓ | — | অন্যরা (Pronoun) | others left |
the other | Singular (2-এর বাকি) | — | নির্দিষ্ট অন্যটি | the other day |
the others | ✓ | — | নির্দিষ্ট বাকিরা | the others stayed |
half | ✓ | ✓ | অর্ধেক | half the time |
🎯 🎯 পরীক্ষার আগে শেষ মুহূর্তের চেকলিস্ট ১. some → Affirmative + Offer + Request; any → Negative + Question + Conditional ২. many → Countable Plural; much → Uncountable (Negative/Question-এ formal) ৩. few (প্রায় নেই) vs a few (কিছু আছে) — দুটোই Countable Plural ৪. little (প্রায় নেই) vs a little (কিছু আছে) — দুটোই Uncountable ৫. ✗ a few money → ✓ a little money | ✗ a little books → ✓ a few books ৬. fewer → Countable Plural; less → Uncountable ৭. either/neither → শুধু দুটির জন্য; any one/none → তিন বা ততোধিকের জন্য ৮. each → আলাদাভাবে, Pronoun-ও হয়; every → সামগ্রিকভাবে, শুধু Adjective ৯. 'Every of' বলা ভুল — 'each of' + Plural Noun ব্যবহার করুন ১০. Adjective + enough (not enough + Adjective): old enough ✓; enough old ✗ ১১. enough + Noun সরাসরি (no 'of'): enough time ✓; enough of time ✗ ১২. most students (General) vs most of the students (Specific) ১৩. A large number of → Countable; A large amount of → Uncountable ১৪. A great deal of → Uncountable only ১৫. too many → Countable Plural; too much → Uncountable ১৬. much — Affirmative-এ informal; formal writing-এ গ্রহণযোগ্য ১৭. another → Singular; other → Adjective+Plural; others → Pronoun ১৮. the others → নির্দিষ্ট বাকিরা; others → অনির্দিষ্ট বাকিরা ১৯. Many a + Singular Noun + Singular Verb: Many a man has... ২০. Plural Noun-এর আগে: a lot of ✓; a great deal of ✗; many ✓; much ✗ |