PARTICIPLE
Present · Past · Perfect · Dangling · Absolute Construction
১. Participle কী? — সম্পূর্ণ ধারণা ও সংজ্ঞা
Participle হলো Verb-এর এমন একটি রূপ যা Adjective হিসেবে কাজ করে — অর্থাৎ Noun বা Pronoun-কে বিশেষিত করে।
একটি কথায়: Participle = Part of Verb + Function of Adjective
Definition: A Participle is a word derived from a verb and used as an adjective.
📌 সহজ উদাহরণে বুঝুন
Verb হিসেবে: The water boils. (ক্রিয়া)
Participle হিসেবে: The boiling water burned his hand. (Adjective — কোন পানি? boiling water)
Verb হিসেবে: Someone broke the window.
Participle হিসেবে: The broken window needs repair. (Adjective — কোন জানালা? broken window)
মূল কথা: Verb থেকে তৈরি হয় কিন্তু Noun-কে বিশেষিত করে।
প্রকার | গঠন | মূল অর্থ | উদাহরণ | বাংলা |
Present Participle | V1 + ing | চলমান/সক্রিয় | running, singing | দৌড়ানো |
Past Participle | V3 (ed / irregular) | সম্পন্ন/নিষ্ক্রিয় | broken, written | ভাঙা, লেখা |
Perfect Participle | Having + V3 | আগেই সম্পন্ন | having eaten, having done | খেয়ে, করে |
① PRESENT PARTICIPLE — বর্তমান কৃদন্ত (V1 + ing)
গঠন: Verb-এর সাথে '-ing' যোগ করো।
run→running | write→writing (e বাদ) | sit→sitting (CVC: double) | dance→dancing
Present Participle-এর ৭টি ব্যবহার
Rule 1: Adjective — Noun-এর আগে বসে বিশেষিত করে
একটি Noun-কে বিশেষিত করতে Noun-এর আগে Present Participle বসে।
Ex 1 | The running man fell down the stairs. দৌড়ানো লোকটি সিঁড়ি থেকে পড়ে গেল। |
Ex 2 | The barking dog kept the neighbours awake. ঘেউ ঘেউ করা কুকুরটি প্রতিবেশীদের জাগিয়ে রাখল। |
Ex 3 | She gave me a surprising answer. সে আমাকে অবাক করা উত্তর দিল। |
Ex 4 | The shining star lit up the night sky. জ্বলজ্বলে তারা রাতের আকাশ আলোকিত করল। |
Ex 5 | Boiling water can cause serious burns. ফুটন্ত পানি মারাত্মক পোড়ার কারণ হতে পারে। |
Rule 2: Adverbial — বাক্যের শুরুতে Subject বর্ণনা করে
সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ নিয়ম: Introductory Participial Phrase → Comma → Main Clause-এর Subject। এই Subject-ই Participle-এর Doer।
Ex 6 | Hearing the noise, we rushed to the door. আওয়াজ শুনে আমরা দরজায় গেলাম। |
Ex 7 | Running towards the bus, she slipped and fell. বাসের দিকে দৌড়াতে গিয়ে সে পিছলে পড়ে গেল। |
Ex 8 | Seeing the policeman, the thief ran away. পুলিশকে দেখে চোর পালিয়ে গেল। |
Ex 9 | Not knowing the way, she asked a passerby. পথ না জানায় সে পথচারীকে জিজ্ঞেস করল। |
Ex 10 | Smiling broadly, she accepted the award. প্রশস্তভাবে হেসে সে পুরস্কার গ্রহণ করল। |
Rule 3: Two Actions একসাথে — দুটো কাজ একই সময়ে
Ex 11 | She sat reading a novel by the fireplace. সে আগুনের পাশে বসে উপন্যাস পড়ছিল। |
Ex 12 | He walked whistling a merry tune. সে আনন্দের সুর শিস দিতে দিতে হাঁটল। |
Ex 13 | She stood gazing at the distant mountains. সে দূরের পাহাড়ের দিকে তাকিয়ে দাঁড়িয়ে রইল। |
Rule 4: Reason/Cause — কারণ বোঝাতে (Because/Since-এর বিকল্প)
Ex 14 | Being poor, he could not afford education. গরিব হওয়ার কারণে শিক্ষার খরচ দিতে পারেনি। |
Ex 15 | Not knowing the answer, she kept silent. উত্তর না জানায় সে চুপ থাকল। |
Ex 16 | Feeling unwell, he went to bed early. অসুস্থ অনুভব করায় সে তাড়াতাড়ি ঘুমাল। |
Rule 5: Condition — শর্ত বোঝাতে (If-এর বিকল্প)
Ex 17 | Working hard, you will surely succeed. কঠোর পরিশ্রম করলে তুমি অবশ্যই সফল হবে। |
Ex 18 | Turning left at the corner, you will find the school. কোণায় বাঁয়ে মোড় নিলে স্কুল পাবে। |
Rule 6: Concession — বিপরীত অবস্থা (Although-এর বিকল্প)
Ex 19 | Knowing the risk, she went ahead anyway. ঝুঁকি জেনেও সে এগিয়ে গেল। |
Ex 20 | Admitting his fault, he continued the same behaviour. দোষ স্বীকার করেও একই আচরণ চালিয়ে গেল। |
Rule 7: Continuous Tense গঠনে — Helping Verb হিসেবে
Ex 21 | She is reading a book. | They were playing cricket. সে বই পড়ছে। | তারা ক্রিকেট খেলছিল। |
Ex 22 | He has been working here since 2010. সে ২০১০ থেকে এখানে কাজ করছে। |
② PAST PARTICIPLE — অতীত কৃদন্ত (V3)
গঠন: Regular Verb → V1 + ed | Irregular Verb → নিজস্ব V3 রূপ
Regular: walk→walked | help→helped | Irregular: break→broken | write→written | drive→driven | know→known | see→seen | go→gone
Past Participle-এর ৭টি ব্যবহার
Rule 1: Adjective — Passive sense-এ Noun বিশেষিত করে
Past Participle বিশেষিত করে Noun-এর আগে বসে — Passive অর্থ প্রকাশ করে।
Ex 23 | The broken window needs immediate repair. ভাঙা জানালাটির তাৎক্ষণিক মেরামত দরকার। |
Ex 24 | She wore a torn dress to the party. সে পার্টিতে ছেঁড়া পোশাক পরে গেল। |
Ex 25 | The fallen soldier was taken to the hospital. পতিত সৈনিককে হাসপাতালে নেওয়া হলো। |
Ex 26 | We ate burnt toast for breakfast. আমরা সকালে পোড়া রুটি খেলাম। |
Ex 27 | The written report was submitted to the principal. লিখিত প্রতিবেদন প্রধানের কাছে জমা দেওয়া হলো। |
Rule 2: Adverbial — বাক্যের শুরুতে Subject-এর অবস্থা বর্ণনা করে (Passive sense)
মূল কথা: Subject-টি কাজের Doer নয়, Receiver। সে Participle-এর ভুক্তভোগী।
Ex 28 | Driven by poverty, he committed a crime. দারিদ্র্যে তাড়িত হয়ে সে অপরাধ করল। |
Ex 29 | Deceived by his friend, he lost all his savings. বন্ধুর দ্বারা প্রতারিত হয়ে সব সঞ্চয় হারাল। |
Ex 30 | Exhausted by the long journey, she fell asleep. দীর্ঘ যাত্রায় ক্লান্ত হয়ে সে ঘুমিয়ে পড়ল। |
Ex 31 | Disappointed with the result, he left the room. ফলাফলে হতাশ হয়ে সে ঘর ছেড়ে গেল। |
Ex 32 | Surprised by the sudden news, he dropped his cup. আচমকা খবরে অবাক হয়ে কাপ ফেলে দিল। |
Rule 3: Passive Voice গঠনে — be + V3
Ex 33 | The letter is written by him. | The thief was caught. চিঠি তার লেখা। | চোর ধরা পড়ল। |
Ex 34 | The bridge has been repaired. | The project will be completed. সেতু মেরামত হয়েছে। | প্রজেক্ট শেষ হবে। |
Rule 4: Perfect Tense গঠনে — have/has/had + V3
Ex 35 | She has finished her work. | They had left before I arrived. সে কাজ শেষ করেছে। | আমি আসার আগেই গিয়েছিল। |
Rule 5: Predicate Adjective — Linking Verb-এর পরে
Linking Verb (is, seem, become, feel, get) + V3 → Predicate Adjective।
Ex 36 | The door is locked. | He seems tired. | She became excited. দরজা বন্ধ। | সে ক্লান্ত। | সে উত্তেজিত হলো। |
Ex 37 | She felt disappointed. | They appeared confused. সে হতাশ অনুভব করল। | তারা বিভ্রান্ত মনে হলো। |
Rule 6: 'with' দিয়ে — অবস্থা বর্ণনায়
Ex 38 | He stood there with his arms folded. সে বাহু ভাঁজ করে দাঁড়িয়ে ছিল। |
Ex 39 | She listened carefully with her eyes closed. সে চোখ বন্ধ করে মনোযোগ দিয়ে শুনল। |
Rule 7: Causative Verb-এর সাথে — have/get + V3
Ex 40 | She had her hair cut at the salon. | He got his car repaired. সে সেলুনে চুল কাটাল। | সে গাড়ি মেরামত করাল। |
③ PERFECT PARTICIPLE — পূর্ণ কৃদন্ত (Having + V3)
গঠন: Having + V3 (Past Participle)
Negative: Not having + V3 | Passive: Having been + V3
ব্যবহার: দুই কাজে একই Subject — প্রথম কাজ আগে সম্পন্ন হয়েছে, তারপর দ্বিতীয় কাজ।
Perfect Participle-এর বিস্তারিত ব্যবহার
Rule 1: Sequential Actions — প্রথম কাজ শেষে দ্বিতীয় কাজ
Ex 41 | Having finished his homework, he went out to play. হোমওয়ার্ক শেষ করে সে খেলতে বাইরে গেল। |
Ex 42 | Having eaten dinner, she washed the dishes. রাতের খাবার খেয়ে সে বাসন ধুল। |
Ex 43 | Having lived in France for ten years, he speaks French fluently. দশ বছর ফ্রান্সে থেকে অনর্গল ফরাসি বলে। |
Ex 44 | Having received the bad news, she began to cry. খারাপ খবর পেয়ে সে কাঁদতে শুরু করল। |
Ex 45 | Having trained for years, she finally won the gold medal. বছরের পর বছর অনুশীলন করে সে সোনা পেল। |
Rule 2: Negative Perfect Participle
Ex 46 | Not having studied properly, he failed the exam. সঠিকভাবে না পড়ার কারণে পরীক্ষায় ফেল করল। |
Ex 47 | Not having received any reply, she sent another email. কোনো উত্তর না পেয়ে আরেকটি ইমেইল পাঠাল। |
Rule 3: Passive Perfect Participle — Having been + V3
Ex 48 | Having been warned about the storm, they stayed indoors. ঝড় সম্পর্কে সতর্ক করা হওয়ায় তারা ঘরে থাকল। |
Ex 49 | Having been rejected many times, he finally gave up. বহুবার প্রত্যাখ্যাত হওয়ার পর হাল ছেড়ে দিল। |
💡 Present vs Perfect Participle — পার্থক্য একনজরে
Present Participle = দুটো কাজ একসাথে হয়:
Walking to school, she sang a song. (হাঁটা ও গান — একসাথে)
Perfect Participle = প্রথম কাজ শেষ হওয়ার পর দ্বিতীয় কাজ:
Having walked to school, she sat down to rest. (হেঁটে পৌঁছানোর পর বসা)
Test: দুই কাজ কি একই সময়ে? → Present Participle
প্রথম কাজ কি আগে সম্পন্ন? → Perfect Participle
⚠️ DANGLING PARTICIPLE — সবচেয়ে ট্রিকি বিষয়!
সংজ্ঞা: Dangling Participle = Participial Phrase-এর সঠিক Subject বাক্যে নেই বা ভুল Noun-এর সাথে যুক্ত হয়েছে।
Golden Rule: Introductory Participial Phrase → Comma → এর পরের Noun-ই Participle-এর Subject।
ফলাফল: Subject ও Participle মিলে হাস্যকর বা অর্থহীন বাক্য তৈরি হয়।
Dangling Participle-এর হাস্যকর উদাহরণ — কেন ভুল?
Dang 1. ভুল বাক্য: Walking along the street, a piano fell on him.
রাস্তায় হাঁটতে হাঁটতে তার উপর পিয়ানো পড়ল।
❌ সমস্যা: সমস্যা: 'Walking'-এর Subject কে? Sentence-এ Subject = 'a piano' — মানে পিয়ানো হাঁটছিল!
✓ সংশোধন: Walking along the street, he was hit by a falling piano.
Dang 2. ভুল বাক্য: Turning the corner, a beautiful school appeared.
কোণ ঘুরতেই সুন্দর স্কুল দেখা গেল।
❌ সমস্যা: সমস্যা: কে কোণ ঘুরছে? Subject = 'school' — ভবন কোণ ঘুরছে!
✓ সংশোধন: Turning the corner, I saw a beautiful school.
Dang 3. ভুল বাক্য: Having eaten dinner, the television was turned on.
রাতের খাবার খেয়ে টেলিভিশন চালানো হলো।
❌ সমস্যা: সমস্যা: কে রাতের খাবার খেয়েছে? Subject = 'the television' — টেলিভিশন খাবার খেয়েছে!
✓ সংশোধন: Having eaten dinner, he turned on the television.
Dang 4. ভুল বাক্য: Running to catch the bus, my bag fell down.
বাস ধরতে দৌড়াতে গিয়ে ব্যাগ পড়ে গেল।
❌ সমস্যা: সমস্যা: কে দৌড়াচ্ছে? Subject = 'my bag' — ব্যাগ দৌড়াচ্ছে!
✓ সংশোধন: Running to catch the bus, I dropped my bag.
Dang 5. ভুল বাক্য: Swimming in the tank, the cat watched the tropical fish.
ট্যাংকে সাঁতার কাটছিল, বিড়াল মাছ দেখছিল।
❌ সমস্যা: সমস্যা: 'Swimming'-এর Subject = 'the cat' — বিড়াল ট্যাংকে সাঁতার কাটছিল! (মাছ নয়)
✓ সংশোধন: The cat watched the tropical fish swimming in the tank.
Dangling Participle সংশোধনের ৩টি পদ্ধতি
পদ্ধতি ১: Comma-এর পরে সঠিক Subject যোগ করো
Walking along the street, a piano fell. ❌ → Walking along the street, he was hit by a piano. ✓
পদ্ধতি ২: Participial Phrase-কে Full Clause-এ রূপান্তর করো
Turning the corner, a school appeared. ❌ → When I turned the corner, a school appeared. ✓
পদ্ধতি ৩: পুরো বাক্য পুনর্গঠন করো
Having eaten dinner, the TV was turned on. ❌ → After eating dinner, he turned on the TV. ✓
৬. Misplaced Participle — ভুল স্থানে বসানো Participle
Misplaced vs Dangling পার্থক্য:
Dangling = Subject বাক্যেই নেই | Misplaced = Subject আছে কিন্তু ভুল জায়গায়
✗ I saw a man walking down the street in a red coat. | ✓ Walking down the street in a red coat, I saw a man. ✓ | কে হাঁটছিল? 'I' — Participle সেই 'I'-এর কাছে যাবে। |
✗ She served the guests sitting in the living room. | ✓ She served the guests who were sitting in the living room. ✓ | Ambiguous — কে বসে ছিল? |
✗ Covered in mustard, I enjoyed the hot dog. | ✓ I enjoyed the hot dog covered in mustard. ✓ | 'I' সরিষায় ঢাকা ছিল না — hot dog ছিল! |
💡 মূল নিয়ম: Participle সবসময় যে Noun-এর সবচেয়ে কাছে থাকে, তাকে বিশেষিত করে।
Introductory Participle → Comma → [Subject] ← এই Subject-কেই বিশেষিত করে।
Test: Participle phrase কি Subject করতে পারে?
Walking to school, the dog barked. → কুকুর কি স্কুলে হাঁটছে? না! → Dangling।
The barking dog woke me up. → কুকুর কি ঘেউ ঘেউ করছে? হ্যাঁ! → সঠিক।
৭. Absolute Construction — স্বাধীন Participial Phrase
Absolute Construction = নিজস্ব Noun + Participle থাকে। Main Clause-এর Subject থেকে আলাদা।
Formula: [Noun/Pronoun + Participle], Main Clause
এটি Dangling নয় — কারণ Absolute Phrase-এর নিজস্ব Subject আছে।
Ex 50 | The weather being beautiful, we decided to go for a picnic. আবহাওয়া সুন্দর হওয়ায় আমরা পিকনিকে গেলাম। |
Ex 51 | The sun having set, they decided to make camp for the night. সূর্য অস্ত গেলে রাতের শিবির স্থাপন করল। |
Ex 52 | All things considered, this is the best plan. সব দিক বিবেচনায় এটি সেরা পরিকল্পনা। |
Ex 53 | Time permitting, we will visit the old fort tomorrow. সময় হলে আগামীকাল পুরনো দুর্গ পরিদর্শন করব। |
Ex 54 | His work done, he sat back and relaxed. কাজ শেষ হলে সে হেলান দিয়ে বিশ্রাম নিল। |
📌 Dangling vs Absolute — পার্থক্য জানো
Dangling Participle (ভুল):
Walking to school, a dog bit me. ❌ (কে হাঁটছে? Subject = 'a dog' — ভুল!)
Absolute Construction (সঠিক):
The weather being beautiful, we went for a walk. ✓
('the weather' = Absolute Phrase-এর নিজস্ব Subject।)
মূল পার্থক্য: Absolute-এ নিজস্ব Noun আছে | Dangling-এ নেই।
৮. Participle vs Gerund — পার্থক্য ও চেনার উপায়
বৈশিষ্ট্য | Participle | Gerund | Adjective |
কাজ করে | Adjective হিসেবে | Noun হিসেবে | Adjective হিসেবে |
বর্ণনা করে | Noun বা Pronoun | কাজ (subject/object) | Noun |
উৎস | Verb | Verb | নিজস্ব শব্দ |
চেনার প্রশ্ন | Which/What kind of Noun? | What?/Who? | Which Noun? |
উদাহরণ | A singing bird | Singing is fun. | A beautiful bird |
Ex 55 | Running (Participle) — The running horse won the race. দৌড়ানো ঘোড়া জিতল। [Adjective — কোন ঘোড়া?] |
Ex 56 | Running (Gerund) — Running every morning keeps you fit. প্রতিদিন সকালে দৌড়ানো সুস্থ রাখে। [Subject — কী রাখে?] |
Ex 57 | Boiling (Participle) — The boiling water scalded her hand. ফুটন্ত পানি হাত পোড়াল। [Adjective] |
Ex 58 | Boiling (Gerund) — Boiling water takes time at high altitude. উঁচু স্থানে পানি ফোটাতে সময় লাগে। [Subject] |
৯. বিশেষ নিয়ম ও ট্রিকি Points
Rule 1: Sentence Combining — দুটি বাক্য Participle দিয়ে যুক্ত করো
দুটি বাক্যে Subject এক হলে, প্রথম বাক্যকে Participial Phrase-এ রূপান্তর করা যায়।
She entered the room. She said hello. → Entering the room, she said hello. ✓
He had finished his meal. He left. → Having finished his meal, he left. ✓
Rule 2: 'Being' ব্যবহার — Present Participle of 'be'
Ex 59 | Being a doctor, she knows the importance of hygiene. ডাক্তার হওয়ার কারণে স্বাস্থ্যবিধির গুরুত্ব জানেন। |
Ex 60 | Being tired, he went to bed early. ক্লান্ত থাকায় তাড়াতাড়ি ঘুমাল। |
Ex 61 | Being an honest man, he refused the bribe. সৎ মানুষ হওয়ায় ঘুষ নিতে অস্বীকার করল। |
Rule 3: Stative Verbs — সাধারণত Present Participle হয় না
Stative Verbs: know, love, hate, want, need, believe, own, understand — এদের সাধারণত Continuous form হয় না।
✗ I am knowing the answer. | ✓ I know the answer. | know = Stative |
✗ She is wanting a job. | ✓ She wants a job. | want = Stative |
১০. Solved Examples — Self-Study (১০০+)
Part A — Participle চিহ্নিত করো ও প্রকার বলো
1. The sleeping baby looks like an angel.
→ sleeping = Present Participle (Adj — কোন baby?)
2. Broken by years of neglect, the bridge collapsed.
→ broken = Past Participle (Adverbial — describes bridge)
3. Having completed the task, she went home.
→ having completed = Perfect Participle (sequence)
4. The locked door prevented us from entering.
→ locked = Past Participle (Adj — কোন door?)
5. Running fast, he caught the bus.
→ running = Present Participle (simultaneous)
6. Excited by the news, she called all her friends.
→ excited = Past Participle (Cause — she was excited)
7. The shining sun warmed the earth.
→ shining = Present Participle (Adj — কোন sun?)
8. Having been ignored for years, the building fell into ruin.
→ having been ignored = Passive Perfect Participle
9. Knowing the risks, he proceeded with the plan.
→ knowing = Present Participle (Concession)
10. The written report was submitted to the principal.
→ written = Past Participle (Adj — কোন report?)
Part B — দুটি বাক্যকে Participle দিয়ে যুক্ত করো
Q11. He saw the danger. He stepped back immediately.
→ Seeing the danger, he stepped back immediately. (Present Participle)
Q12. She had eaten her lunch. She went back to work.
→ Having eaten her lunch, she went back to work. (Perfect Participle)
Q13. He was left alone. He began to feel frightened.
→ Being left alone, he began to feel frightened. (Passive Present Participle)
Q14. The dog was badly injured. It limped to its owner.
→ Badly injured, the dog limped to its owner. (Past Participle)
Q15. She had completed her degree. She applied for several jobs.
→ Having completed her degree, she applied for jobs. (Perfect Participle)
Q16. He was tired of waiting. He decided to leave.
→ Tired of waiting, he decided to leave. (Past Participle — Predicate Adj)
Q17. She saw the child fall. She rushed to help.
→ Seeing the child fall, she rushed to help. (Present Participle)
Q18. The police had received the tip-off. They arrived quickly.
→ Having received the tip-off, the police arrived quickly.
Part C — Dangling Participle সংশোধন করো
Q19. Arriving at the station, the train had already left.
✓ সংশোধন: Arriving at the station, I found that the train had already left. ✓
📌 'Arriving'-এর Subject 'I' দরকার।
Q20. Driving home, the accident happened.
✓ সংশোধন: Driving home, I witnessed the accident. ✓
📌 কে গাড়ি চালাচ্ছিল? Subject 'I' লাগবে।
Q21. Having studied all night, the exam was still difficult.
✓ সংশোধন: Having studied all night, she still found the exam difficult. ✓
📌 কে পড়েছিল? 'she' যোগ করো।
Q22. Running across the park, the birds flew away.
✓ সংশোধন: Running across the park, I startled the birds and they flew away. ✓
📌 পাখি কি দৌড়াচ্ছিল? না।
Q23. Being a rainy day, the picnic was cancelled.
✓ সংশোধন: As it was a rainy day, the picnic was cancelled. ✓ (Full clause)
📌 Awkward — Full clause ভালো।
Part D — Rapid-fire Sentence Bank (24–70)
# | বাক্য | Participle প্রকার |
24 | The rising sun painted the sky orange. | rising = Present Participle (Adj) |
25 | Trapped in the elevator, she called for help. | Trapped = Past Participle (Adverbial) |
26 | Having missed the bus, he took a taxi. | Having missed = Perfect Participle |
27 | The excited crowd cheered loudly. | excited = Past Participle (Adj) |
28 | Knowing the truth, he kept quiet. | Knowing = Present Participle (Cause) |
29 | The frightened child hid under the bed. | frightened = Past Participle (Adj) |
30 | Having washed the car, he noticed a scratch. | Having washed = Perfect Participle |
31 | Smiling broadly, she shook his hand. | Smiling = Present Participle (simultaneous) |
32 | Driven by ambition, she worked day and night. | Driven = Past Participle (Cause) |
33 | The broken vase lay on the floor. | broken = Past Participle (Adj) |
34 | Having been warned, he still took the risk. | Having been warned = Passive Perfect Participle |
35 | Looking through the window, she saw the accident. | Looking = Present Participle |
36 | Misled by false information, he made wrong decisions. | Misled = Past Participle (Adverbial) |
37 | Walking along the beach, they collected shells. | Walking = Present Participle |
38 | Satisfied with the result, she went home. | Satisfied = Past Participle |
39 | Having saved enough money, he bought a car. | Having saved = Perfect Participle |
40 | The singing children brightened the room. | singing = Present Participle (Adj) |
41 | Tired and hungry, the travellers stopped to rest. | Tired, hungry = Past Participles (Adj) |
42 | Having read the book, she returned it. | Having read = Perfect Participle |
43 | The locked gate stopped us from entering. | locked = Past Participle (Adj) |
44 | Being nervous, he forgot his lines. | Being nervous = Present Participle (Cause) |
45 | Not knowing what to do, she asked for help. | Not knowing = Negative Present Participle |
46 | Having been elected, he gave a speech. | Having been elected = Passive Perfect Participle |
47 | The burning house lit up the night sky. | burning = Present Participle (Adj) |
48 | Encouraged by her teacher, she tried again. | Encouraged = Past Participle (Adverbial) |
49 | Having apologised, he left the room. | Having apologised = Perfect Participle |
50 | Confused by the directions, she took a wrong turn. | Confused = Past Participle (Cause) |
51 | Having never seen snow, she was amazed. | Having never seen = Negative Perfect Participle |
52 | Talking on the phone, he tripped on the stairs. | Talking = Present Participle |
53 | The crumbling walls of the old fort tell stories. | crumbling = Present Participle (Adj) |
54 | Having been lost for hours, they found the road. | Having been lost = Passive Perfect Participle |
55 | The painted walls looked fresh. | painted = Past Participle (Adj) |
56 | Realising her mistake, she apologised. | Realising = Present Participle (Cause) |
57 | Moved by his speech, the crowd cheered. | Moved = Past Participle (Adverbial) |
58 | Having considered all options, he decided. | Having considered = Perfect Participle |
59 | Running late, she skipped breakfast. | Running = Present Participle (Cause) |
60 | The burning issue needed immediate attention. | burning = Present Participle (Adj) |
61 | Having been trained, she was ready for the job. | Having been trained = Passive Perfect |
62 | The stolen car was found near the river. | stolen = Past Participle (Adj) |
63 | Laughing at his own joke, he spilled his coffee. | Laughing = Present Participle (simultaneous) |
64 | Overcome with grief, she could not speak. | Overcome = Past Participle (Adverbial) |
65 | Having travelled extensively, she speaks many languages. | Having travelled = Perfect Participle |
66 | The abandoned house was said to be haunted. | abandoned = Past Participle (Adj) |
67 | Not having eaten all day, he was starving. | Not having eaten = Negative Perfect Participle |
68 | Whistling cheerfully, he walked to school. | Whistling = Present Participle (simultaneous) |
69 | Having been cheated once, he never trusted again. | Having been cheated = Passive Perfect |
70 | The falling leaves of autumn are beautiful. | falling = Present Participle (Adj) |
১১. Practice Questions — MCQ (৫০+)
Set A — MCQ
Q1. '___ by his friend, he lost all hope.'
(a) Betraying (b) Betrayed (c) Having betrayed (d) To betray
✅ উত্তর: (b) Betrayed — Past Participle — সে বিশ্বাসঘাতকতার শিকার (passive sense)।
Q2. '___ the letter, she started to cry.'
(a) Having read (b) Reading (c) Read (d) To read
✅ উত্তর: (a) Having read — Perfect Participle — পড়ার পর কাঁদল।
Q3. 'The ___ child was taken to the hospital.'
(a) injure (b) injuring (c) injured (d) to injure
✅ উত্তর: (c) injured — Past Participle as Adjective।
Q4. কোন বাক্যে Dangling Participle আছে?
(a) Running to catch the bus, he tripped. (b) Running to catch the bus, a stone was tripped over. (c) Having finished work, she went home. (d) Knowing the risk, he still proceeded.
✅ উত্তর: (b) — 'a stone' কি বাস ধরতে দৌড়াচ্ছিল? Dangling।
Q5. '___ on his past experience, he solved the problem.'
(a) Drawing (b) Drawn (c) Having drawing (d) To draw
✅ উত্তর: (a) Drawing — Present Participle — experience ব্যবহার করতে করতে।
Q6. '___ all her savings, she could not afford the house.'
(a) Using (b) Used (c) Having used (d) Use
✅ উত্তর: (c) Having used — Perfect Participle — সব টাকা খরচের পর।
Q7. কোনটি Present Participle?
(a) Written (b) Broken (c) Running (d) Gone
✅ উত্তর: (c) Running — V1 + ing = Present Participle।
Q8. কোনটি Perfect Participle?
(a) Eating (b) Eaten (c) Having eaten (d) To eat
✅ উত্তর: (c) Having eaten — Having + V3 = Perfect Participle।
Q9. '___ a teacher, she knows the value of education.'
(a) Been (b) Be (c) Being (d) To be
✅ উত্তর: (c) Being — Being + Noun = Present Participle (Cause)।
Q10. 'The money ___ by the bank was used for charity.'
(a) donating (b) donate (c) donated (d) to donate
✅ উত্তর: (c) donated — Past Participle as Adjective (Passive)।
Q11. কোন বাক্যটি সঠিক?
(a) Turning the corner, a house was seen by me. (b) Turning the corner, I saw a house. (c) A house was seen turning the corner. (d) Turning the corner, the house appeared.
✅ উত্তর: (b) — Participle 'Turning' → Subject 'I' — সঠিক।
Q12. 'Walking along the trail, a fallen tree blocked our way.' — ভুলটি?
(a) Walking along the trail ✓ (b) a fallen tree blocked ✓ (c) Dangling Participle ✓ (d) No error
✅ উত্তর: (c) Dangling Participle — 'Walking'-এর Subject 'we' হওয়া দরকার, কিন্তু 'a fallen tree' Subject।
Q13. '___ in the battle, he received the nation's highest honour.'
(a) Wounded (b) Wounding (c) Having wounding (d) Wound
✅ উত্তর: (a) Wounded — Past Participle — সে আহত হয়েছে (passive)।
Q14. 'She sat ___ a letter.'
(a) written (b) to write (c) writing (d) wrote
✅ উত্তর: (c) writing — Present Participle — বসে লিখছিল।
Q15. '___ the exam, she felt a great sense of relief.'
(a) Finished (b) Finishing (c) Having finished (d) To finish
✅ উত্তর: (c) Having finished — Perfect Participle — পরীক্ষা শেষের পর।
Q16. Absolute Construction-এর উদাহরণ কোনটি?
(a) Running to school, he was late. (b) The weather being fine, we went for a walk. (c) Having eaten lunch, she rested. (d) Driven by fear, he ran away.
✅ উত্তর: (b) — 'The weather being fine' — নিজস্ব Subject 'the weather' আছে।
Q17. 'The ___ news shocked everyone.'
(a) shock (b) shocking (c) shocks (d) shocked
✅ উত্তর: (b) shocking — Present Participle as Adjective।
Q18. Gerund ও Participle-এর মধ্যে পার্থক্য?
(a) Gerund=Adjective; Participle=Noun (b) Gerund=Noun; Participle=Adjective (c) উভয়ই Noun (d) উভয়ই Adjective
✅ উত্তর: (b) — Gerund = Noun | Participle = Adjective।
Q19. '___ hard, you will definitely succeed.'
(a) Worked (b) Working (c) Having worked (d) Work
✅ উত্তর: (b) Working — Present Participle (Condition = If you work hard)।
Q20. 'Having been ___ by the manager, she left the company.'
(a) ignore (b) ignoring (c) ignored (d) ignorance
✅ উত্তর: (c) ignored — Passive Perfect Participle = Having been + V3।
Set B — Fill in the Blank (৩০টি)
Q21. ___ (finish) his work, he left the office early.
উত্তর: Having finished
Q22. ___ (tire) after the long walk, she sat down to rest.
উত্তর: Tired
Q23. ___ (see) the crowd, the politician waved his hand.
উত্তর: Seeing
Q24. ___ (write) the report, he submitted it to his boss.
উত্তর: Having written
Q25. The ___ (cry) baby needs its mother.
উত্তর: crying
Q26. ___ (disappoint) with his performance, he resigned.
উত্তর: Disappointed
Q27. The ___ (break) road caused several accidents.
উত্তর: broken
Q28. ___ (not/receive) any letter, she decided to call him.
উত্তর: Not having received
Q29. The weather ___ (be) clear, we decided to travel.
উত্তর: being (Absolute Construction)
Q30. ___ (encourage) by his teacher, he tried harder.
উত্তর: Encouraged
Q31. ___ (run) fast, she caught the bus.
উত্তর: Running
Q32. The ___ (dance) girl won the first prize.
উত্তর: dancing
Q33. ___ (see) the film twice, she still enjoyed it.
উত্তর: Having seen
Q34. ___ (not/know) the answer, he guessed.
উত্তর: Not knowing
Q35. His work ___ (do), he felt satisfied.
উত্তর: done (Absolute Construction)
Q36. ___ (be) a doctor, he knew the risks.
উত্তর: Being
Q37. ___ (leave) his umbrella at home, he got drenched.
উত্তর: Having left
Q38. The ___ (lose) dog found its way home.
উত্তর: lost
Q39. ___ (mislead) by false news, many panicked.
উত্তর: Misled
Q40. ___ (work) all night, he still couldn't finish.
উত্তর: Working
Q41. ___ (overcome) with grief, she couldn't speak.
উত্তর: Overcome
Q42. The ___ (sleep) giant was finally awakened.
উত্তর: sleeping
Q43. ___ (not/study), he still passed somehow.
উত্তর: Not having studied
Q44. ___ (wound) in the chest, he was rushed to surgery.
উত্তর: Wounded
Q45. ___ (steal) from earlier, the shop installed cameras.
উত্তর: Having been stolen from (Passive)
Q46. The ___ (amaze) crowd fell silent.
উত্তর: amazed
Q47. ___ (hear) a sound, she stopped walking.
উত্তর: Hearing
Q48. The wall ___ (paint) red, the room looked warm.
উত্তর: painted (Absolute)
Q49. ___ (reject) again, she almost gave up.
উত্তর: Having been rejected
Q50. ___ (know) her well, I could see she was upset.
উত্তর: Knowing
১২. Error Detection — ভুল চিহ্নিত করুন (৪০টি)
নির্দেশনা: প্রতিটি বাক্যে Participle-সংক্রান্ত ভুল চিহ্নিত করুন। বিস্তারিত ব্যাখ্যা দেওয়া আছে।
E1. (ক) Hearing the noise, (খ) a cat was seen (গ) by the children. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (ক)(খ) 'Hearing...a cat was seen' ✓ সংশোধন: 'Hearing the noise, the children saw a cat.'
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: Dangling — 'Hearing'-এর Subject 'children' হওয়া দরকার।
E2. (ক) Having finish his (খ) dinner, he went (গ) for a walk. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (ক) 'Having finish' ✓ সংশোধন: 'Having finished'
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: Perfect Participle = Having + V3।
E3. (ক) The wound (খ) soldier was taken (গ) to the hospital. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (খ) 'wound' ✓ সংশোধন: 'wounded'
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: Past Participle Adjective: wounded (not wound = V2)।
E4. (ক) Running to catch (খ) the bus, a wallet (গ) was dropped by him. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (খ)(গ) 'a wallet was dropped by him' ✓ সংশোধন: 'he dropped his wallet'
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: Dangling — 'Running'-এর Subject 'he' দরকার।
E5. (ক) Being tired, (খ) she went to bed (গ) earlier than usual. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: No error ✓ সংশোধন: ✅ সঠিক
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: Being tired = Present Participle (Cause) — সঠিক।
E6. (ক) Having been warn (খ) of the storm, they (গ) stayed indoors. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (ক) 'Having been warn' ✓ সংশোধন: 'Having been warned'
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: Passive Perfect = Having been + V3।
E7. (ক) Exciting by the (খ) news, she called (গ) all her friends. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (ক) 'Exciting' ✓ সংশোধন: 'Excited'
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: সে উত্তেজিত হয়েছে (passive) = Excited।
E8. (ক) Not having receive (খ) any reply, she (গ) tried again. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (ক) 'Not having receive' ✓ সংশোধন: 'Not having received'
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: Perfect Participle = Having + V3।
E9. (ক) Driving to work (খ) the accident (গ) happened suddenly. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (ক)(খ) Dangling ✓ সংশোধন: 'Driving to work, he witnessed the accident.'
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: Dangling — 'Driving'-এর Subject দরকার।
E10. (ক) Having working (খ) all day, she was (গ) completely exhausted. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (ক) 'Having working' ✓ সংশোধন: 'Having worked'
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: Perfect Participle = Having + V3 (worked)।
E11. (ক) The thief, catching (খ) by the police, (গ) was taken to court. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (খ) 'catching' ✓ সংশোধন: 'caught'
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: সে ধরা পড়েছে (passive) = caught (V3)।
E12. (ক) Turning the corner, (খ) a beautiful garden (গ) came into view. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (খ)(গ) Dangling ✓ সংশোধন: 'Turning the corner, I saw a beautiful garden.'
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: Dangling — কে কোণ ঘুরছে? Subject 'I' দরকার।
E13. (ক) She sat in the corner, (খ) crying and thinking (গ) about her future. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: No error ✓ সংশোধন: ✅ সঠিক
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: Simultaneous actions — crying and thinking ✓।
E14. (ক) Having be elected (খ) president, he gave (গ) a speech. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (ক) 'Having be elected' ✓ সংশোধন: 'Having been elected'
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: Passive Perfect = Having been + V3।
E15. (ক) Being a rainy day, (খ) we cancelled the (গ) outdoor event. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: No error (or Absolute) ✓ সংশোধন: ✅ (Absolute Construction)
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: 'Being a rainy day' — context-এ acceptable।
E16. (ক) The frozen water (খ) in the lake made (গ) skating possible. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: No error ✓ সংশোধন: ✅ সঠিক
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: frozen = Past Participle Adjective ✓।
E17. (ক) Running fast, the bus (খ) was missed (গ) by her. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (ক)(খ) Dangling ✓ সংশোধন: 'Running fast, she missed the bus.'
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: Dangling — Subject 'she' দরকার।
E18. (ক) Knowing the answer, (খ) she raised (গ) her hand. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: No error ✓ সংশোধন: ✅ সঠিক
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: Knowing → she (correct Subject) ✓।
E19. (ক) The letter was (খ) writing by her (গ) yesterday. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (খ) 'writing' ✓ সংশোধন: 'written'
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: Passive Voice = was + V3 (written)।
E20. (ক) Having saw the film (খ) twice, he still (গ) wanted to watch again. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (ক) 'Having saw' ✓ সংশোধন: 'Having seen'
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: Perfect Participle = Having + V3 — seen (irregular)।
E21. (ক) Exhausted from the (খ) long journey, a hotel (গ) was booked by him. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (খ)(গ) Dangling ✓ সংশোধন: 'Exhausted..., he booked a hotel.'
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: Dangling — Subject 'he' দরকার।
E22. (ক) The broken hearts (খ) cannot always (গ) be mended. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: No error ✓ সংশোধন: ✅ সঠিক
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: broken = Past Participle Adjective ✓।
E23. (ক) Not knowing the (খ) way, the direction (গ) was asked by her. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (খ)(গ) Dangling ✓ সংশোধন: 'Not knowing the way, she asked for directions.'
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: Dangling।
E24. (ক) Having been defeat (খ) in the election, he (গ) retired from politics. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (ক) 'Having been defeat' ✓ সংশোধন: 'Having been defeated'
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: Passive Perfect = Having been + V3।
E25. (ক) Disappointing with (খ) the service, he made (গ) a formal complaint. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (ক) 'Disappointing' ✓ সংশোধন: 'Disappointed'
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: সে হতাশ হয়েছে = Disappointed (Past Participle)।
E26. (ক) Arriving late to (খ) the meeting, an apology (গ) was expected. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (খ)(গ) Dangling ✓ সংশোধন: 'Arriving late, he was expected to apologise.'
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: Dangling।
E27. (ক) The writing report (খ) was submitted (গ) before the deadline. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (ক) 'The writing report' ✓ সংশোধন: 'The written report'
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: written = Past Participle Adjective।
E28. (ক) Having done his (খ) work, his television (গ) was turned on. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (খ)(গ) Dangling ✓ সংশোধন: 'Having done his work, he turned on the television.'
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: Dangling।
E29. (ক) Smiled at by her (খ) teacher, the girl (গ) felt encouraged. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: No error ✓ সংশোধন: ✅ সঠিক
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: Smiled at (Past Participle Passive) ✓।
E30. (ক) The stolen jewels (খ) were never (গ) recovered. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: No error ✓ সংশোধন: ✅ সঠিক
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: stolen = Past Participle Adjective ✓।
E31. (ক) Not having slept (খ) for days, the work (গ) was impossible for him. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (খ)(গ) Dangling ✓ সংশোধন: 'Not having slept, he found the work impossible.'
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: Dangling।
E32. (ক) Being very shy, (খ) public speaking was (গ) difficult for her. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (খ)(গ) Dangling ✓ সংশোধন: 'Being very shy, she found public speaking difficult.'
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: Dangling।
E33. (ক) Having finished the (খ) assignment, a reward (গ) was given to her. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (খ)(গ) Dangling ✓ সংশোধন: 'Having finished..., she received a reward.'
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: Dangling।
E34. (ক) The rising prices (খ) are affecting (গ) everyone. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: No error ✓ সংশোধন: ✅ সঠিক
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: rising = Present Participle Adjective ✓।
E35. (ক) Overcame by grief, (খ) she couldn't (গ) speak at all. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (ক) 'Overcame' ✓ সংশোধন: 'Overcome'
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: Past Participle of overcome = overcome (not overcame = Past Tense)।
E36. (ক) Having been written (খ) the letter, he posted (গ) it immediately. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (ক) 'Having been written' ✓ সংশোধন: 'Having written'
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: Active Perfect = Having + V3 (written)।
E37. (ক) The fascinating story (খ) kept the children (গ) engaged for hours. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: No error ✓ সংশোধন: ✅ সঠিক
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: fascinating = Present Participle Adjective ✓।
E38. (ক) Turning on the light, (খ) the room was (গ) immediately illuminated. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (খ)(গ) Dangling ✓ সংশোধন: 'Turning on the light, she immediately lit up the room.'
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: Dangling।
E39. (ক) Having considered (খ) all options, the best (গ) was chosen by him. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: (গ) Dangling ✓ সংশোধন: 'Having considered all options, he chose the best.'
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: Dangling।
E40. (ক) The fascinating novel (খ) was completed (গ) in three months. (ঘ) No error.
✗ ভুল: No error ✓ সংশোধন: ✅ সঠিক
📖 ব্যাখ্যা: fascinating = Present Participle Adjective ✓।
১৩. Self-Study Summary — পূর্ণ পর্যালোচনা
💡 Golden Rules — Participle Master করার ১০টি নিয়ম
Rule 1: Present Participle (V+ing) = চলমান/সক্রিয় কাজ।
Rule 2: Past Participle (V3) = সম্পন্ন/নিষ্ক্রিয় কাজ।
Rule 3: Perfect Participle (Having + V3) = প্রথম কাজ শেষে দ্বিতীয় কাজ।
Rule 4: Introductory Participle → Comma → [CORRECT SUBJECT] — এই Subject মিলতে হবে।
Rule 5: Dangling = Subject নেই বা ভুল। Fix: সঠিক Subject যোগ করো।
Rule 6: Misplaced = Subject আছে কিন্তু ভুল জায়গায়।
Rule 7: Absolute = নিজস্ব Noun + Participle — ভুল নয়।
Rule 8: Participle = Adjective | Gerund = Noun।
Rule 9: Stative Verbs সাধারণত Present Participle হয় না।
Rule 10: Passive Perfect = Having been + V3।
⛔ সবচেয়ে বেশি ভুল হওয়া Points
❌ Having finish → ✓ Having finished (Perfect = Having + V3)
❌ Exciting by the news → ✓ Excited (passive sense = Past Participle)
❌ The writing report → ✓ The written report (Past Participle Adj)
❌ Overcame by grief → ✓ Overcome (V3 of overcome)
❌ Having been wrote → ✓ Having been written (irregular)
❌ Having saw → ✓ Having seen (irregular V3)
❌ Disappointing with → ✓ Disappointed with (passive sense)
❌ [Dangling] Running, the bus was missed → ✓ Running, she missed the bus
প্রকার | গঠন | অর্থ | ব্যবহার | উদাহরণ |
Present Participle | V + ing | চলমান/সক্রিয় | Adj, Adverb, Continuous | Running man / Seeing her, he left |
Past Participle | V3 (ed/irregular) | সম্পন্ন/নিষ্ক্রিয় | Adj, Passive, Perfect | Broken window / Driven by fear |
Perfect Participle | Having + V3 | আগে সম্পন্ন | Sequential action | Having finished, he left |
Dangling | Phrase, no clear subject | ভুল/অস্পষ্ট | Error — avoid! | Running, the bus was missed ❌ |
Absolute | Noun + Participle | স্বাধীন phrase | Context/Cause | The sun having set... ✓ |