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Sentence

বাক্য

Sentence কী? — সংজ্ঞা ও অপরিহার্য উপাদান

📌 📌 Sentence-এর সংজ্ঞা

Sentence হলো শব্দের এমন একটি সম্পূর্ণ গোষ্ঠী যা কমপক্ষে একটি Subject এবং একটি Verb ধারণ করে এবং একটি সম্পূর্ণ অর্থ প্রকাশ করে।

A sentence is a group of words that contains at least one subject and one verb and expresses a complete thought.

উদাহরণ:

✓ She reads books. (Subject: She; Verb: reads — সম্পূর্ণ অর্থ)

✓ Birds fly. (Subject: Birds; Verb: fly — সম্পূর্ণ অর্থ)

✗ Running fast. (কোনো Subject নেই — অসম্পূর্ণ)

✗ Because she was tired. (Subordinate Clause — নিজে সম্পূর্ণ নয়)

Sentence-এর দুটি অপরিহার্য অংশ (Two Essential Parts)

অংশ	বাংলা নাম	সংজ্ঞা	উদাহরণ
Subject	উদ্দেশ্য	যার সম্বন্ধে বলা হয়	She, The boy, Rahim
Predicate	বিধেয়	Subject সম্বন্ধে যা বলা হয়	reads books, is tall, went to market

1. She | reads books every day. — She = Subject; reads books every day = Predicate

2. The old man | walked slowly down the road. — The old man = Subject; walked slowly... = Predicate

3. Honesty | is the best policy. — Honesty = Subject; is the best policy = Predicate

4. Birds of a feather | flock together. — Birds of a feather = Subject; flock together = Predicate

Sentence-এর প্রকারভেদ — অর্থ অনুযায়ী — 5 Types by Meaning/Function

অর্থ বা কাজের ভিত্তিতে Sentence পাঁচ প্রকার:

প্রকার	বাংলা নাম	কাজ	Punctuation	উদাহরণ
Assertive / Declarative	বিবৃতিমূলক বাক্য	তথ্য বা বক্তব্য জানায়	Full Stop (.)	She is a good student.
Interrogative	প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্য	প্রশ্ন করে	Question Mark (?)	Does she study hard?
Imperative	আদেশমূলক বাক্য	আদেশ, অনুরোধ, পরামর্শ	Full Stop (.) বা !	Sit down. / Please help me.
Exclamatory	বিস্ময়বোধক বাক্য	আবেগ, অনুভূতি প্রকাশ	Exclamation Mark (!)	What a beautiful day!
Optative	ইচ্ছাবোধক বাক্য	ইচ্ছা, প্রার্থনা, আশীর্বাদ	! বা .	May you live long!

১. Assertive / Declarative Sentence (বিবৃতিমূলক বাক্য)

যে Sentence কোনো তথ্য, ঘটনা বা মতামত জানায় তাকে Assertive বা Declarative Sentence বলে। এটি দুই প্রকার: Affirmative (হ্যাঁ-বোধক) ও Negative (না-বোধক)।

5. She studies English every morning. — Affirmative Assertive

6. The earth revolves around the sun. — Affirmative — Universal Truth

7. He is not coming today. — Negative Assertive

8. She did not complete the assignment. — Negative Assertive

9. Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh. — Affirmative — Fact

10. I have never visited London. — Negative Assertive

২. Interrogative Sentence (প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্য)

যে Sentence কোনো প্রশ্ন করে এবং শেষে Question Mark (?) থাকে। এটি তিন ভাগে বিভক্ত:

প্রকার	গঠন	উদাহরণ
Yes/No Question	Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb	Does she study? / Is he coming?
Wh- Question	Wh-word + Auxiliary + Subject + Verb	What is your name? / Where do you live?
Tag Question	Statement + Tag (Auxiliary + Pronoun)	She is smart, isn't she? / He didn't come, did he?

11. Are you a student? — Yes/No Question — Auxiliary first

12. What time does the train leave? — Wh- Question — What দিয়ে

13. Where have you been all day? — Wh- Question — Where দিয়ে

14. She is honest, isn't she? — Tag Question — Affirmative + Negative Tag

15. He doesn't smoke, does he? — Tag Question — Negative + Affirmative Tag

16. Let's go, shall we? — Let's + shall we?

17. Open the door, will you? — Imperative + will you?

📌 💡 Tag Question-এর বিস্তারিত নিয়ম

নিয়ম ১: Affirmative Statement → Negative Tag:

She can swim, can't she? / They were late, weren't they?

নিয়ম ২: Negative Statement → Affirmative Tag:

He isn't here, is he? / They haven't eaten, have they?

নিয়ম ৩: Tag-এ সবসময় Pronoun বসে (Noun বসে না):

Rahim is smart, isn't he? ✓ (not: isn't Rahim?)

নিয়ম ৪: 'I am' → Tag হয় 'aren't I?':

I am right, aren't I? ✓ (not: am not I?)

নিয়ম ৫: 'nothing/nobody/nothing' (Negative) → Affirmative Tag:

Nobody came, did they? / Nothing happened, did it?

নিয়ম ৬: Let's → shall we? / Imperative → will you? / won't you?

Let's play, shall we? / Come here, will you?

৩. Imperative Sentence (আদেশমূলক বাক্য)

যে Sentence আদেশ, অনুরোধ, পরামর্শ, উপদেশ বা নিষেধ প্রকাশ করে। Subject (You) সাধারণত উহ্য থাকে।

প্রকার	গঠন	উদাহরণ
আদেশ (Command)	V1 (Bare Infinitive)	Sit down. / Close the door.
অনুরোধ (Request)	Please + V1 / Kindly + V1	Please help me. / Kindly wait here.
নিষেধ (Prohibition)	Don't / Never + V1	Don't run. / Never tell a lie.
পরামর্শ (Advice)	V1 / Let us + V1	Work hard. / Let us pray together.
সাধারণ নির্দেশনা	V1	Add salt. / Turn left at the signal.

18. Close the window, please. — বিনয়ী আদেশ/অনুরোধ

19. Never give up on your dreams. — নিষেধাজ্ঞা বা উপদেশ

20. Let us work together for the nation. — Let us = পরামর্শ/আহ্বান

21. Do not waste your time. — Negative Imperative

22. Be quiet and listen carefully. — একাধিক Imperative

৪. Exclamatory Sentence (বিস্ময়বোধক বাক্য)

যে Sentence হর্ষ, দুঃখ, বিস্ময়, ঘৃণা ইত্যাদি প্রবল আবেগ প্রকাশ করে এবং Exclamation Mark (!) দিয়ে শেষ হয়।

গঠন	উদাহরণ	বাংলা
What + a/an + Adj + Noun + Subject + Verb!	What a beautiful day it is!	কী সুন্দর দিনটি!
What + Adj + Plural/Uncountable Noun!	What beautiful flowers!	কী সুন্দর ফুল!
How + Adj/Adv + Subject + Verb!	How fast she runs!	সে কত দ্রুত দৌড়ায়!
How + Adj + a/an + Noun!	How beautiful a day!	কী সুন্দর একটি দিন!
Interjection + Sentence	Alas! He is dead.	হায়! সে মারা গেছে।

23. What a talented musician he is! — What + a + Adj + Noun + Subject + Verb

24. How kind she is! — How + Adj + Subject + Verb

25. What beautiful scenery! — What + Adj + Uncountable Noun (no 'a/an')

26. What an exciting match it was! — What + an + Adj + Noun

27. Hurrah! We have won! — Interjection + Sentence

💡 💡 What vs How — Exclamatory বাক্যে পার্থক্য

WHAT → Noun বা Noun Phrase-কে জোর দেয়:

What a brave soldier he is! (soldier = Noun)

What lovely weather! (weather = Noun)

HOW → Adjective বা Adverb-কে জোর দেয়:

How brave he is! (brave = Adjective)

How quickly she works! (quickly = Adverb)

Assertive থেকে Exclamatory রূপান্তর:

The day is very beautiful. → What a beautiful day it is!

She is very kind. → How kind she is!

It is a very cold night. → What a cold night it is!

৫. Optative Sentence (ইচ্ছাবোধক বাক্য)

যে Sentence ইচ্ছা, প্রার্থনা, আশীর্বাদ বা অভিশাপ প্রকাশ করে। সাধারণত 'May' দিয়ে শুরু হয়।

28. May you live long! — আপনি দীর্ঘজীবী হন (আশীর্বাদ)

29. May Allah bless you! — আল্লাহ আপনাকে আশীর্বাদ করুন

30. May the soul rest in peace! — আত্মা শান্তিতে থাকুক

31. Long live Bangladesh! — বাংলাদেশ চিরজীবী হোক

32. Wish you a happy birthday! — জন্মদিনের শুভেচ্ছা

33. God save the king! — রাজা রক্ষিত হোক

Sentence-এর প্রকারভেদ — গঠন অনুযায়ী — 4 Types by Structure

প্রকার	বাংলা নাম	গঠন	উদাহরণ
Simple Sentence	সরল বাক্য	একটি Independent Clause	She reads books.
Compound Sentence	যৌগিক বাক্য	দুই বা ততোধিক Independent Clause	She reads books and he plays cricket.
Complex Sentence	জটিল বাক্য	একটি Independent + এক বা ততোধিক Dependent Clause	She reads because she wants to learn.
Compound-Complex	মিশ্র বাক্য	দুই বা ততোধিক Independent + এক বা ততোধিক Dependent Clause	She reads books and he studies, though they are both tired.

১. Simple Sentence (সরল বাক্য)

Simple Sentence-এ একটিমাত্র Independent Clause থাকে। এতে একটি Subject এবং একটি Predicate (Finite Verb সহ) থাকে। Subject বা Predicate যৌগিক হতে পারে।

34. She sings beautifully. — একটি Subject, একটি Verb

35. Rahim and Karim are good friends. — Compound Subject, Singular/Plural Verb

36. She reads and writes well. — একটি Subject, দুটি Verb (Compound Predicate)

37. The tall boy with curly hair is my cousin. — Expanded Subject, একটি Verb

38. He came, saw and conquered. — একটি Subject, তিনটি Verb

39. To err is human. — Infinitive Phrase = Subject

২. Compound Sentence (যৌগিক বাক্য)

Compound Sentence-এ দুই বা ততোধিক Independent Clause থাকে যেগুলো Coordinating Conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so) বা Semicolon দিয়ে যুক্ত। প্রতিটি Clause আলাদাভাবে সম্পূর্ণ অর্থবোধক।

40. She tried hard, but she failed. — দুটি Independent Clause + but

41. He is poor, yet he is honest. — দুটি Clause + yet

42. Study hard, or you will fail. — দুটি Clause + or

43. I called him; he did not answer. — Semicolon দিয়ে যুক্ত

44. She worked hard, so she passed. — Cause + Effect

45. He studied; however, he failed. — Semicolon + Conjunctive Adverb

46. Not only did she win, but she also broke a record. — Correlative Conjunction

📌 📌 Coordinating Conjunctions — FANBOYS

For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So — এই সাতটি Conjunction মনে রাখুন:

For → কারণ: I rested, for I was tired.

And → সংযোজন: She sang and he played.

Nor → উভয় না: He is not honest, nor is he kind.

But → বৈপরীত্য: She is poor, but she is happy.

Or → বিকল্প: Work hard, or you will fail.

Yet → তবুও: He is rich, yet he is miserable.

So → ফলে: She worked hard, so she passed.

৩. Complex Sentence (জটিল বাক্য)

Complex Sentence-এ একটি Independent (Principal/Main) Clause এবং এক বা ততোধিক Dependent (Subordinate) Clause থাকে। Subordinate Clause-টি Subordinating Conjunction দিয়ে যুক্ত থাকে।

47. She failed because she did not study. — Independent + Subordinate (Adverb Clause)

48. The man who came yesterday is my uncle. — Independent + Subordinate (Adjective Clause)

49. I know that she is honest. — Independent + Subordinate (Noun Clause — Object)

50. Although he worked hard, he did not pass. — Subordinate + Independent

51. If she studies, she will pass. — Conditional Subordinate + Independent

52. She left before I arrived. — Independent + Subordinate (Time Clause)

53. What she said surprised everyone. — Noun Clause = Subject

Subordinating Conjunction	ধরন	উদাহরণ
because, since, as, for	কারণ	She stayed because it was raining.
although, though, even though	বৈপরীত্য	Although he is poor, he is honest.
if, unless, provided, as long as	শর্ত	If she comes, I will go.
when, while, after, before, until	সময়	She called me when I was sleeping.
so that, in order that	উদ্দেশ্য	She studied so that she could pass.
that	Noun Clause	I think that she is right.
who, whom, which, that, whose	Relative/Adjective Clause	The girl who won is my sister.
where, wherever	স্থান	Go wherever you wish.
as, than	তুলনা	She is taller than I am.

৪. Compound-Complex Sentence (মিশ্র বাক্য)

Compound-Complex Sentence-এ কমপক্ষে দুটি Independent Clause এবং কমপক্ষে একটি Dependent Clause থাকে।

54. She worked hard because she wanted to succeed, and she eventually got the job. — Independent (Dependent) + Independent

55. Although it was raining, she went out, but she forgot her umbrella. — Dependent + Independent + Independent

56. He studied all night so that he could pass, and he did pass with distinction. — Independent (Dependent) + Independent

57. When the bell rang, the students left the class and the teachers went to the staff room. — Dependent + Independent (Compound Predicate)

Phrase — বাক্যাংশ — সম্পূর্ণ আলোচনা

📌 📌 Phrase-এর সংজ্ঞা

Phrase হলো দুই বা ততোধিক শব্দের এমন একটি গোষ্ঠী যা একটি ব্যাকরণিক একক হিসেবে কাজ করে — কিন্তু এতে কোনো Finite Verb (কর্তা-নির্ভর ক্রিয়া) থাকে না এবং এটি নিজে সম্পূর্ণ অর্থ প্রকাশ করে না।

সহজ কথায়: Phrase = শব্দের দল, কিন্তু Subject + Finite Verb নেই।

✓ the old man (Noun Phrase)

✓ very quickly (Adverb Phrase)

✓ in the morning (Prepositional Phrase)

✓ running fast (Participial Phrase)

Phrase-এর প্রকার	কাজ	উদাহরণ
Noun Phrase (NP)	Noun-এর কাজ করে — Subject/Object/Complement	The tall boy with curly hair is my friend.
Verb Phrase (VP)	Verb-এর কাজ করে — Predicate	She has been studying hard for hours.
Adjective Phrase	Adjective-এর কাজ করে — Noun বিশেষিত	A man full of pride rarely admits mistakes.
Adverb Phrase	Adverb-এর কাজ করে — Verb/Adj বিশেষিত	She dances with great grace.
Prepositional Phrase	Preposition + Noun/Pronoun	The book on the table is mine.
Participial Phrase	Adjective-এর কাজ করে (V+ing বা V+ed)	Running fast, he caught the bus.
Infinitive Phrase	Noun/Adjective/Adverb-এর কাজ করে	To succeed in life is everyone's dream.
Gerund Phrase	Noun-এর কাজ করে (V+ing = Gerund)	Reading novels is her hobby.
Absolute Phrase	বাক্যের বাকি অংশের সাথে শিথিলভাবে যুক্ত	The weather being fine, we went for a walk.

58. The little girl with blue eyes is my niece. — Noun Phrase = Subject

59. She must have been waiting for hours. — Verb Phrase

60. He is a man of great honesty. — Adjective Phrase — man বিশেষিত

61. She spoke with great confidence. — Adverb Phrase — spoke বিশেষিত

62. The cat under the table is sleeping. — Prepositional Phrase — Adjective কাজ

63. Seeing the fire, he called the police. — Participial Phrase

64. To win the match is our only goal. — Infinitive Phrase = Subject

65. Swimming in the river is dangerous. — Gerund Phrase = Subject

66. God willing, we will meet again. — Absolute Phrase

Clause — উপবাক্য — সম্পূর্ণ আলোচনা

📌 📌 Clause-এর সংজ্ঞা

Clause হলো শব্দের এমন একটি গোষ্ঠী যাতে একটি Subject এবং একটি Finite Verb (Predicate) আছে।

Phrase থেকে পার্থক্য: Clause-এ Subject + Finite Verb থাকে; Phrase-এ থাকে না।

Clause দুই প্রকার:

১. Independent Clause (Principal/Main Clause) — নিজে সম্পূর্ণ অর্থ দেয়

২. Dependent Clause (Subordinate Clause) — নিজে সম্পূর্ণ অর্থ দেয় না

Independent Clause (Principal Clause) (মূল উপবাক্য)

Independent Clause নিজে একটি সম্পূর্ণ বাক্য হিসেবে দাঁড়াতে পারে। এটি একটি Sentence-এর মূল ভিত্তি।

67. She reads books. | He plays cricket. — দুটি পৃথক Independent Clause

68. She reads books, and he plays cricket. — দুটি Independent Clause — Compound Sentence

69. She reads books because she loves learning. — প্রথম অংশ Independent; দ্বিতীয় অংশ Dependent

Dependent Clause (Subordinate Clause) (অধীন উপবাক্য — ৩ প্রকার)

Dependent Clause নিজে সম্পূর্ণ অর্থ দেয় না এবং Independent Clause-এর উপর নির্ভরশীল। এটি তিন প্রকার:

(ক) Noun Clause (বিশেষ্য উপবাক্য)

যে Dependent Clause বাক্যে Noun-এর কাজ করে তাকে Noun Clause বলে। এটি Subject, Object, Complement বা Preposition-এর Object হিসেবে বসতে পারে।

সংযোজক: that, what, who, whom, whose, which, when, where, why, how, whether, if

ভূমিকা	উদাহরণ	Noun Clause
Subject	What she said is true.	What she said
Object	I know that she is honest.	that she is honest
Subject Complement	The truth is that he lied.	that he lied
Object of Preposition	I am sure of what he said.	what he said
Appositive	The fact that she passed surprised us.	that she passed

70. What he said was not true. — Noun Clause = Subject

71. She told me where she lived. — Noun Clause = Object

72. The question is whether she will come. — Noun Clause = Complement

73. I am certain that he is lying. — Noun Clause = Object of Adjective

74. Tell me how you did it. — Noun Clause = Object

(খ) Adjective Clause / Relative Clause (বিশেষণ উপবাক্য)

যে Dependent Clause কোনো Noun বা Pronoun-কে বিশেষিত করে তাকে Adjective Clause বলে। এটি Relative Pronoun (who, whom, whose, which, that) বা Relative Adverb (when, where, why) দিয়ে শুরু হয়।

Adjective Clause দুই ধরনের: Defining (Restrictive) ও Non-defining (Non-restrictive)।

75. The man who came yesterday is my teacher. — who came yesterday = Adjective Clause → man-কে বিশেষিত

76. The book that I bought was expensive. — that I bought = Adjective Clause → book-কে বিশেষিত

77. She is the girl whose bag was stolen. — whose bag was stolen = Adjective Clause

78. I visited Dhaka, which is the capital of Bangladesh. — Non-defining Adjective Clause — Comma দিয়ে

79. This is the house where I was born. — where I was born = Adjective Clause — Relative Adverb

80. I remember the day when I first met her. — when I first met her = Adjective Clause

(গ) Adverb Clause (ক্রিয়াবিশেষণ উপবাক্য)

যে Dependent Clause বাক্যে Adverb-এর কাজ করে এবং Main Clause-এর Verb, Adjective বা অন্য Adverb-কে বিশেষিত করে।

ধরন	Conjunction	উদাহরণ
সময় (Time)	when, while, before, after, as, since, until, as soon as	She called me when I was sleeping.
কারণ (Cause/Reason)	because, since, as, for	He failed because he did not study.
উদ্দেশ্য (Purpose)	so that, in order that, lest	She studied hard so that she could pass.
ফলাফল (Result)	so...that, such...that	She was so tired that she fell asleep.
শর্ত (Condition)	if, unless, provided, as long as	If she comes, I will go.
বৈপরীত্য (Concession)	although, though, even though, while	Although he is poor, he is happy.
তুলনা (Comparison)	as...as, than, as if, as though	She is taller than I am.
পদ্ধতি (Manner)	as, as if, as though	She spoke as if she knew everything.
স্থান (Place)	where, wherever	Go where you please.

81. He came before I arrived. — Time Adverb Clause

82. She stayed home because she was ill. — Cause Adverb Clause

83. He spoke so softly that I could not hear. — Result Adverb Clause

84. Unless you work hard, you will not succeed. — Condition Adverb Clause

85. Walk carefully lest you should fall. — Purpose Adverb Clause

86. She sings as if she were a professional. — Manner Adverb Clause

Sentence Transformation — বাক্য রূপান্তর — সম্পূর্ণ নিয়ম

Sentence Transformation হলো একটি বাক্যকে অর্থ পরিবর্তন না করে ভিন্ন ধরনের বাক্যে রূপান্তর করা। এটি BCS, Bank ও অন্যান্য পরীক্ষায় অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।

ক. Simple → Complex → Compound Transformation

Simple Sentence	Complex Sentence	Compound Sentence
Being poor, she could not buy it.	As she was poor, she could not buy it.	She was poor, so she could not buy it.
Despite being ill, he came.	Although he was ill, he came.	He was ill, but he came.
In spite of hard work, he failed.	Though he worked hard, he failed.	He worked hard, yet he failed.
Having finished work, she left.	After she had finished work, she left.	She finished work and then she left.
A wise man, he solved the problem.	As he was wise, he solved the problem.	He was wise, so he solved the problem.
Too weak to walk, she stayed home.	She was so weak that she could not walk.	She was very weak, so she stayed home.

খ. Assertive ↔ Interrogative Transformation

Affirmative Assertive → Interrogative (Negative):

87. She is a good student. → Is she not a good student? — Affirmative → Negative Interrogative

88. He is the best player. → Who is not the best player? / Is he not the best player?

Negative Assertive → Interrogative (Positive):

89. Nobody can deny it. → Who can deny it? — Nobody → Who (Positive)

90. Nothing is impossible. → Is anything impossible? — Nothing → Anything

গ. Assertive ↔ Exclamatory Transformation

91. The day is very beautiful. → What a beautiful day it is! — very + Adj → What + a + Adj + Noun

92. She is very kind. → How kind she is! — very + Adj → How + Adj

93. It was a very interesting match. → What an interesting match it was!

94. He is a very brave soldier. → What a brave soldier he is!

95. She plays very well. → How well she plays! — very + Adv → How + Adv

🔑 🔑 Assertive → Exclamatory রূপান্তরের সূত্র

যদি বাক্যে 'very + Adjective + Noun' থাকে:

→ What + a/an + Adjective + Noun + Subject + Verb!

The flower is very beautiful. → What a beautiful flower it is!

যদি বাক্যে 'very + Adjective' (Noun ছাড়া) থাকে:

→ How + Adjective + Subject + Verb!

She is very kind. → How kind she is!

যদি বাক্যে 'very + Adverb' থাকে:

→ How + Adverb + Subject + Verb!

She runs very fast. → How fast she runs!

Exclamatory → Assertive রূপান্তরে 'What a/How' বাদ দিয়ে 'very' যোগ করুন।

ঘ. Affirmative ↔ Negative Transformation (অর্থ অপরিবর্তিত)

Affirmative	Negative (Same Meaning)	কৌশল
She is the best student.	No other student is as good as she.	Superlative → Comparative with no other
He is better than all.	No one is as good as he.	Comparative → Positive with no one
She is very kind.	She is not unkind at all.	Positive → Double Negative
Everyone likes her.	There is no one who does not like her.	Everyone → No one who does not
He always tells the truth.	He never tells a lie.	Always + truth → Never + lie
Only Rahim can do it.	None but Rahim can do it.	Only → None but
She is too weak to walk.	She is so weak that she cannot walk.	too + Adj + to → so...that...cannot
As soon as she saw him, she left.	No sooner had she seen him than she left.	As soon as → No sooner...than
Both Rahim and Karim passed.	Not only Rahim but also Karim passed.	Both...and → Not only...but also
I shall always remember you.	I shall never forget you.	always remember → never forget
He is a wise man.	He is not a foolish man.	Positive Adj → Negative of Opposite

ঙ. Active ↔ Passive Voice Transformation

Passive Voice-এ কর্ম (Object) Subject হয় এবং কর্তা (Subject) 'by'-এর Object হয়।

Structure: Object + be (V2) + V3 + by + Subject

96. She writes a letter. → A letter is written by her. — Active → Passive

97. He was reading a book. → A book was being read by him. — Past Continuous

98. They have completed the work. → The work has been completed by them. — Present Perfect

99. Open the door. → Let the door be opened. — Imperative → Passive

100. Who wrote the letter? → By whom was the letter written? — Interrogative → Passive

চ. Direct → Indirect Speech Transformation

পরিবর্তনের ধরন	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Assertive (said/told)	He said, 'I am happy.'	He said that he was happy.
Interrogative (asked)	She asked, 'Are you ready?'	She asked if/whether I was ready.
Interrogative (Wh-)	He asked, 'Where do you live?'	He asked where I lived.
Imperative (told/ordered)	She said, 'Go away.'	She told him to go away.
Imperative (Negative)	He said, 'Don't make noise.'	He told them not to make noise.
Optative (wished/prayed)	She said, 'May you succeed!'	She wished/prayed that I might succeed.
Exclamatory (exclaimed)	He said, 'What a fool I am!'	He exclaimed that he was a great fool.

ছ. Degree of Comparison Transformation

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
No other student is as tall as Rahim.	Rahim is taller than any other student.	Rahim is the tallest student.
Very few cities are as big as Dhaka.	Dhaka is bigger than most other cities.	Dhaka is one of the biggest cities.
Honesty is not less important than courage.	Honesty is as important as courage.	—

জ. Too...to ↔ So...that Transformation

101. She is too young to drive. → She is so young that she cannot drive. — too + Adj + to → so...that...cannot

102. He was too tired to speak. → He was so tired that he could not speak.

103. She ran too fast for me to follow. → She ran so fast that I could not follow her.

104. She is so wise that she can solve it. → She is wise enough to solve it. — so...that...can → Adj + enough + to

🔑 🔑 Too...to Transformation-এর সূত্র

TOO + Adj/Adv + TO + V1 → SO + Adj/Adv + THAT + Subject + CANNOT + V1:

He is too weak to walk. → He is so weak that he cannot walk.

TOO + Adj + FOR + Object + TO + V1 → SO + Adj + THAT + Object + CANNOT + V1:

It is too heavy for me to lift. → It is so heavy that I cannot lift it.

Reverse: SO + Adj + THAT + Subject + CAN + V1 → Adj + ENOUGH + TO + V1:

She is so tall that she can touch the roof. → She is tall enough to touch the roof.

Sentence-এর বিভিন্ন উপাদান — Subject, Predicate, Object, Complement, Adjunct

উপাদান	বাংলা নাম	সংজ্ঞা	উদাহরণ
Subject	উদ্দেশ্য	যার সম্বন্ধে কিছু বলা হয়	She, The boy, Rahim
Predicate	বিধেয়	Subject সম্বন্ধে যা বলা হয়	reads every day, is tall
Direct Object	প্রত্যক্ষ কর্ম	Verb-এর প্রধান কর্ম (What/Whom)	She reads a book.
Indirect Object	পরোক্ষ কর্ম	কার জন্য কাজটি হলো (To Whom/For Whom)	She gave me a gift.
Subject Complement	উদ্দেশ্য পরিপূরক	Subject-কে বর্ণনা করে (be/seem-এর পরে)	She is a doctor.
Object Complement	কর্ম পরিপূরক	Object-কে বর্ণনা করে	They elected him president.
Adjunct/Adverbial	ক্রিয়া সংযোজক	সময়, স্থান, পদ্ধতি ইত্যাদি যোগ করে	She reads in the morning.

105. She | gave | me | a beautiful gift. — Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object

106. They | elected | her | president. — Subject + Verb + Direct Object + Object Complement

107. The food | smells | delicious. — Subject + Linking Verb + Subject Complement

108. She | painted | the wall | red. — Subject + Verb + Object + Object Complement

বিশেষ Sentence Pattern — পরীক্ষায় বারবার আসে

নিয়ম ১ There is/are — Existential Sentence

'There' দিয়ে শুরু হওয়া বাক্যে Verb Subject-এর আগে আসে। Subject হলো Verb-এর পরের Noun।

109. There is a book on the table. — book (Singular) → is

110. There are three students in the class. — students (Plural) → are

111. There seems to be a problem. — Infinitive form-এ

112. There were many people at the meeting. — Past Tense

নিয়ম ২ Inversion — Subject-Verb উল্টানো (Negative Adverb / Question)

113. Never have I seen such a beautiful view. — Never → Inversion → have I

114. Seldom does she visit us. — Seldom → Inversion → does she

115. Hardly had he left when it rained. — Hardly → Inversion

116. Not only did he come late, but he forgot the file. — Not only → Inversion → did he

117. So tired was she that she fell asleep. — So + Adj → Inversion

118. Had she studied, she would have passed. — Conditional Inversion — if বাদ

নিয়ম ৩ Cleft Sentence — Emphasis (It is...that/who)

Cleft Sentence কোনো নির্দিষ্ট অংশকে জোর দেওয়ার জন্য তৈরি হয়।

119. Rahim wrote the letter. → It was Rahim who wrote the letter. — Rahim-এ জোর

120. She met him yesterday. → It was yesterday that she met him. — yesterday-এ জোর

121. She loves music. → It is music that she loves. — music-এ জোর

নিয়ম ৪ Elliptical Sentence — উহ্য অংশ (Ellipsis)

122. She can swim and he can (swim) too. — swim উহ্য — Ellipsis

123. I like tea and she does (like tea) too. — like tea উহ্য

124. He works harder than she (works). — works উহ্য

নিয়ম ৫ Rhetorical Question — উত্তরের অপেক্ষা নেই

125. Who does not want to be happy? — অর্থ: Everyone wants to be happy

126. Is the sky not blue? — অর্থ: The sky is blue

127. Can anyone deny this truth? — অর্থ: No one can deny this truth

MCQ Practice Set

নিচের ৩৫টি প্রশ্ন বিভিন্ন প্রতিযোগিতামূলক পরীক্ষার আদলে তৈরি।

1. "She is a good student, _____ she?"

(A) isn't

(B) is

(D) doesn't

✔ Answer: (A) isn't Affirmative → Negative Tag; is → isn't she?

2. "Let's go for a walk, _____ we?"

(A) will

(B) shall

(D) wouldn't

✔ Answer: (B) shall Let's → shall we?

3. "What a beautiful painting!" — এটি কোন ধরনের Sentence?

(A) Assertive

(B) Interrogative

(D) Optative

✔ Answer: (C) Exclamatory What + Adj + Noun → Exclamatory

4. "May you live long!" — এটি কোন ধরনের Sentence?

(A) Imperative

(B) Optative

(D) Assertive

✔ Answer: (B) Optative May + Subject → Optative (ইচ্ছা/আশীর্বাদ)

5. "She reads books because she loves learning." — এটি কোন ধরনের Sentence?

(A) Simple

(B) Compound

(D) Compound-Complex

✔ Answer: (C) Complex একটি Independent + একটি Dependent Clause (because...)

6. "She tried hard, but she failed." — Structure?

(A) Simple

(B) Compound

(D) Compound-Complex

✔ Answer: (B) Compound দুটি Independent Clause + but

7. "The man who came yesterday is my uncle." — Underlined clause-এর ধরন?

(A) Noun Clause

(B) Adjective Clause

(D) Independent Clause

✔ Answer: (B) Adjective Clause who came yesterday → man-কে বিশেষিত করছে

8. "I know that she is honest." — 'that she is honest' হলো:

(A) Adjective Clause

(B) Adverb Clause

(D) Participial Phrase

✔ Answer: (C) Noun Clause know-এর Object হিসেবে কাজ করছে → Noun Clause

9. "She stayed home because she was ill." — 'because she was ill' কোন ধরনের Clause?

(A) Noun Clause

(B) Adjective Clause

(D) Independent Clause

✔ Answer: (C) Adverb Clause কারণ বোঝাচ্ছে → Adverb Clause of Reason

10. "In the morning, she exercises regularly." — 'In the morning' হলো:

(A) Noun Clause

(B) Adjective Clause

(D) Participial Phrase

✔ Answer: (C) Prepositional Phrase Preposition + Noun — কোনো Finite Verb নেই

11. "Running fast, she caught the bus." — 'Running fast' হলো:

(A) Noun Phrase

(B) Participial Phrase

(D) Infinitive Phrase

✔ Answer: (B) Participial Phrase Running fast = Present Participle Phrase — Adjective কাজ করছে

12. "To succeed in life is everyone's dream." — 'To succeed in life' হলো:

(A) Participial Phrase

(B) Gerund Phrase

(D) Noun Clause

✔ Answer: (C) Infinitive Phrase To + V1 = Infinitive Phrase → Subject

13. Which is a SIMPLE sentence?

(A) She works hard and he studies.

(B) Although she works hard, she fails.

(D) She works hard, so she succeeds.

✔ Answer: (C) She works hard to achieve her goal. একটি Independent Clause + Infinitive Phrase

14. "The day is very beautiful." → Exclamatory:

(A) How beautiful the day is!

(B) What a beautiful day it is!

(D) How a beautiful day it is!

✔ Answer: (B) What a beautiful day it is! very + Adj + Noun → What + a + Adj + Noun

15. "She is very kind." → Exclamatory:

(A) What kind she is!

(B) How kind is she!

(D) What a kind she is!

✔ Answer: (C) How kind she is! very + Adj (no Noun) → How + Adj + Subject + Verb

16. "Nobody came to help." → Interrogative:

(A) Did nobody come to help?

(B) Did not anybody come to help?

(D) Who came to help?

✔ Answer: (D) Who came to help? Nobody (Negative) → Who (Positive Interrogative)

17. "Only she can do it." → অর্থ অপরিবর্তিত রেখে Negative:

(A) Not only she can do it.

(B) None but she can do it.

(D) No one but she did it.

✔ Answer: (B) None but she can do it. Only → None but (same meaning)

18. "She is too tired to work." → Transformation:

(A) She is so tired that she can work.

(B) She is so tired that she cannot work.

(D) She is tired enough to work.

✔ Answer: (B) She is so tired that she cannot work. too + Adj + to → so + Adj + that + cannot

19. "As soon as I arrived, the meeting started." → Transformation:

(A) No sooner had I arrived than the meeting started.

(B) Hardly I arrived when the meeting started.

(D) No sooner I had arrived when the meeting started.

✔ Answer: (A) No sooner had I arrived than the meeting started. As soon as → No sooner...had + V3...than

20. "Although he was tired, he continued working." → Simple Sentence:

(A) He was tired but he continued working.

(B) Despite being tired, he continued working.

(D) He was so tired that he continued working.

✔ Answer: (B) Despite being tired, he continued working. Although → Despite + V+ing

21. Identify the type: "Running is good for health."

(A) Simple (Gerund Subject)

(B) Complex

(D) Exclamatory

✔ Answer: (A) Simple (Gerund Subject) Running = Gerund = Subject; is = Verb → Simple Sentence

22. "She is the best player." → Positive Degree:

(A) No player is so good as she.

(B) No other player is as good as she.

(D) She is better than all players.

✔ Answer: (B) No other player is as good as she. the best → no other...as good as

23. Which sentence has an INDIRECT OBJECT?

(A) She reads a book.

(B) She gave him a gift.

(D) She runs fast.

✔ Answer: (B) She gave him a gift. him = Indirect Object; a gift = Direct Object

24. "What do you want?" — এটি কোন ধরনের Interrogative?

(A) Yes/No Question

(B) Wh- Question

(D) Rhetorical Question

✔ Answer: (B) Wh- Question What = Wh-word → Wh- Question

25. "Never have I seen such beauty." — এখানে কী হয়েছে?

(A) Inversion

(B) Ellipsis

(D) Tag Question

✔ Answer: (A) Inversion Never (Negative Adverb) → Subject-Verb Inversion

26. "Had she studied harder, she would have passed." — এটি কোন ধরনের Conditional?

(A) Type 1

(B) Type 2

(D) Type 0

✔ Answer: (C) Type 3 Had + V3 = Inverted Type 3 Conditional (if বাদ)

27. "It was Rahim who wrote the letter." — এই Sentence-এর বিশেষ ধরন?

(A) Cleft Sentence

(B) Elliptical Sentence

(D) Tag Question

✔ Answer: (A) Cleft Sentence It was...who/that → Cleft Sentence (জোর দেওয়া)

28. Identify the Adverb Clause: "She worked hard so that she could pass."

(A) She worked hard

(B) so that she could pass

(D) could pass

✔ Answer: (B) so that she could pass so that = Purpose → Adverb Clause of Purpose

29. "He is taller than any other boy." → Positive Degree:

(A) No other boy is so tall as he.

(B) He is the tallest boy.

(D) He is taller than all boys.

✔ Answer: (A) No other boy is so tall as he. Comparative → Positive: No other...as...as

30. "She said, 'I am happy.'" → Indirect Speech:

(A) She said that she is happy.

(B) She said that she was happy.

(D) She said that I am happy.

✔ Answer: (B) She said that she was happy. said → that; am → was (Backshift)

31. "Open the door." → Passive Voice:

(A) The door is opened.

(B) Let the door be opened.

(D) The door has been opened.

✔ Answer: (B) Let the door be opened. Imperative → Passive: Let + Object + be + V3

32. Which is an EXCLAMATORY sentence?

(A) What do you want?

(B) What a brave soldier!

(D) Sit down, please.

✔ Answer: (B) What a brave soldier! What + Noun phrase + ! → Exclamatory

33. "She is so wise that she can solve any problem." → Transformation:

(A) She is wise enough to solve any problem.

(B) She is too wise to solve any problem.

(D) She is enough wise to solve any problem.

✔ Answer: (A) She is wise enough to solve any problem. so...that...can → Adj + enough + to + V1

34. "Both Rahim and Karim passed." → অর্থ অপরিবর্তিত:

(A) Neither Rahim nor Karim passed.

(B) Not only Rahim but also Karim passed.

(D) Rahim and Karim have not passed.

✔ Answer: (B) Not only Rahim but also Karim passed. Both...and → Not only...but also

35. Identify the sentence type: "Although she was tired, she kept working, and she eventually finished the project."

(A) Simple

(B) Compound

(D) Compound-Complex

✔ Answer: (D) Compound-Complex Dependent (Although...) + Independent + Independent

Practice Questions — নিজে করুন

Part A — বাক্যের ধরন চিহ্নিত করুন (Simple / Compound / Complex / Compound-Complex):

1. She works hard to support her family.

2. He is poor, but he is very honest and kind.

3. Although it was raining, they played the match, and the crowd cheered them.

4. The girl who won the competition is my classmate.

5. She studies and teaches at the same university.

6. He ran fast, but he could not catch the bus because it had already left.

7. Rahim, Karim, and Jalil are good friends.

8. She knows that honesty is the best policy.

9. To forgive is divine.

10. She left before I arrived, and I was very disappointed.

Part B — Clause চিহ্নিত করুন (Noun / Adjective / Adverb Clause):

1. I know that she is telling the truth. (underlined: that she is telling the truth)

2. The man who helped me yesterday is a doctor.

3. She came early so that she could get a seat.

4. Where she went is still a mystery.

5. He worked hard, although the conditions were difficult.

6. The book that she gave me is very interesting.

7. Tell me when you are ready.

8. I believe what he says.

9. This is the house where he was born.

10. She succeeded because she worked hard.

Part C — Sentence Transformation করুন:

1. The day is very beautiful. → Exclamatory Sentence

2. She is very honest. → Exclamatory Sentence

3. She is too young to drive. → So...that

4. No other city in Bangladesh is as big as Dhaka. → Comparative Degree

5. Although he was ill, he came. → Simple Sentence (Despite...)

6. She tried hard, but she failed. → Complex Sentence (Although...)

7. She is the best student. → Positive Degree (No other...)

8. As soon as she arrived, the phone rang. → No sooner...than

9. Only Rahim can do this. → None but...

10. "I am happy," she said. → Indirect Speech

11. She writes a letter. → Passive Voice

12. Both he and she attended. → Not only...but also

13. He is taller than all other students. → Superlative Degree

14. She was so kind that everyone loved her. → Adjective + enough + to

15. She asked me, "Where do you live?" → Indirect Speech

Part D — Tag Question যোগ করুন:

1. She is a doctor, _____?

2. They haven't finished, _____?

3. He doesn't smoke, _____?

4. Let's go, _____?

5. I am right, _____?

6. Nobody came, _____?

7. She can swim, _____?

8. Open the window, _____?

9. You were there, _____?

10. Nothing happened, _____?

Error Detection — ভুল শনাক্ত করুন ও সংশোধন করুন

নিচের প্রতিটি বাক্যে Sentence Structure সংক্রান্ত একটি ভুল আছে।

1. She is a good student, isn't he?

ভুল: isn't he → সংশোধন: isn't she

ব্যাখ্যা: Tag-এ Pronoun মূল Subject-এর মিলবে — she → isn't she

2. Let's go for a walk, will we?

ভুল: will we → সংশোধন: shall we

ব্যাখ্যা: Let's → Tag: shall we?

3. He is very brave. → What a brave he is!

ভুল: What a brave he is → সংশোধন: What a brave man he is! / How brave he is!

ব্যাখ্যা: What + a/an + Adj + Noun; অথবা How + Adj

4. What a beautiful flowers these are!

ভুল: What a beautiful flowers → সংশোধন: What beautiful flowers

ব্যাখ্যা: Plural Noun → What (no a/an)

5. Although he was tired but he continued.

ভুল: but → সংশোধন: remove 'but' or 'although'

ব্যাখ্যা: although + but = Double Conjunction ভুল

6. Because she was ill, so she stayed home.

ভুল: so → সংশোধন: remove 'so'

ব্যাখ্যা: because + so = Double Conjunction ভুল

7. She asked me that where I lived.

ভুল: that where → সংশোধন: where

ব্যাখ্যা: Indirect Wh-Question → where (not 'that where')

8. She is too weak that she cannot walk.

ভুল: too weak that → সংশোধন: so weak that

ব্যাখ্যা: too...to; so...that — গুলিয়ে ফেলা

9. He is so weak to walk.

ভুল: so weak to → সংশোধন: too weak to

ব্যাখ্যা: so...that; too...to — গুলিয়ে ফেলা

10. She is enough tall to reach the shelf.

ভুল: enough tall → সংশোধন: tall enough

ব্যাখ্যা: enough → Adjective-এর পরে: tall enough

11. Never I have seen such a sight.

ভুল: Never I have → সংশোধন: Never have I

ব্যাখ্যা: Negative Adverb → Inversion

12. No sooner had he left when it rained.

ভুল: when → সংশোধন: than

ব্যাখ্যা: No sooner...THAN (not when)

13. She said that she is happy.

ভুল: she is happy → সংশোধন: she was happy

ব্যাখ্যা: Reported Speech Backshift: is → was

14. She said, 'I was happy.' → She said that she had been happy.

ভুল: had been happy → সংশোধন: was happy

ব্যাখ্যা: Simple Past-এ Reported = Past Perfect নয় যদি আগের action স্পষ্ট; এখানে 'was' ঠিক

15. The letter was wrote by her.

ভুল: was wrote → সংশোধন: was written

ব্যাখ্যা: Passive: be + V3 (written)

16. She is a student, don't she?

ভুল: don't she → সংশোধন: isn't she

ব্যাখ্যা: is → Auxiliary 'is' → isn't (not don't)

17. What beautiful a day it is!

ভুল: What beautiful a day → সংশোধন: What a beautiful day

ব্যাখ্যা: Word Order: What + a/an + Adj + Noun

18. She is more better than her sister.

ভুল: more better → সংশোধন: better

ব্যাখ্যা: Double Comparison ভুল

19. He told me where do I live.

ভুল: where do I live → সংশোধন: where I lived

ব্যাখ্যা: Indirect Question → Assertive order + Tense Backshift

20. No other student is so tall than Rahim.

ভুল: tall than → সংশোধন: tall as

ব্যাখ্যা: Positive Degree Comparison: as...as (not than)

Master Reference Table

বিষয়	প্রকার / নিয়ম	মূল বৈশিষ্ট্য	উদাহরণ
Sentence (অর্থ)	Assertive	তথ্য জানায়; Full Stop	She is a student.
	Interrogative	প্রশ্ন করে; Question Mark	Is she a student?
	Imperative	আদেশ/অনুরোধ; Subject উহ্য	Sit down.
	Exclamatory	আবেগ; !	What a day!
	Optative	ইচ্ছা/প্রার্থনা; May	May you succeed!
Sentence (গঠন)	Simple	১টি Independent Clause	She reads.
	Compound	২+ Independent Clause + FANBOYS/;	She reads and he writes.
	Complex	১টি Ind. + ১+ Dep. Clause	She reads because she loves it.
	Compound-Complex	২+ Ind. + ১+ Dep. Clause	She reads, he writes, although tired.
Clause	Noun Clause	Noun-এর কাজ; that/what/where	I know that she is right.
	Adjective Clause	Noun বিশেষিত; who/which/that	The man who came is my uncle.
	Adverb Clause	Adverb-এর কাজ; because/when/if	She came because she was invited.
Phrase	Noun Phrase	Subject/Object	The old man with grey hair
	Verb Phrase	Predicate	has been working
	Prepositional Phrase	Adj/Adv কাজ	in the morning
	Participial Phrase	Adj কাজ (V+ing/V3)	Running fast
	Infinitive Phrase	N/Adj/Adv কাজ	To err is human
	Gerund Phrase	Noun কাজ (V+ing)	Swimming is healthy
Tag Question	Aff. → Neg. Tag	isn't she? / can't he?	She is right, isn't she?
	Neg. → Aff. Tag	is she? / can he?	She isn't right, is she?
	Let's → shall we?	Let's go, shall we?	—
	I am → aren't I?	I am right, aren't I?	—
Transformation	Assertive → Exclamatory	very + Adj → How/What	How kind she is!
	Too...to → So...that	too + Adj + to → so...that...cannot	Too weak to walk → so weak that cannot
	Simple → Complex	Despite → Although	Despite being poor → Although she was poor
	Affirmative → Negative	Only → None but; always → never	Only she → None but she
	Direct → Indirect	Tense Backshift; quotation → that	'I am' → she was
	Active → Passive	Object + be + V3 + by + Subject	She writes → It is written by her
Inversion	Negative Adverb	Never/Seldom → Aux + Subject	Never have I seen...
	Conditional	Had + Subject → If removed	Had she come → If she had come

🎯 🎯 পরীক্ষার আগে শেষ মুহূর্তের চেকলিস্ট

১. Sentence-এর ৫টি প্রকার (অর্থে): Assertive, Interrogative, Imperative, Exclamatory, Optative

২. Sentence-এর ৪টি প্রকার (গঠনে): Simple, Compound, Complex, Compound-Complex

৩. Clause-এর ৩টি প্রকার: Noun, Adjective (Relative), Adverb Clause

৪. Phrase-এ কোনো Finite Verb নেই; Clause-এ Subject + Finite Verb আছে

৫. Tag Question: Affirmative → Negative Tag; Negative → Affirmative Tag

৬. Tag-এ Pronoun বসে, Noun নয়: Rahim is... → isn't he? (not isn't Rahim?)

৭. Let's → shall we? / I am... → aren't I?

৮. Exclamatory: What + a/an + Adj + Noun + S + V! / How + Adj + S + V!

৯. Plural/Uncountable Noun-এর আগে 'What' (no 'a/an'): What beautiful flowers!

১০. too...to → so...that...cannot; so...that...can → Adj + enough + to

১১. Only → None but; always remember → never forget; the best → no other...as...as

১২. As soon as → No sooner had...than; While → Hardly/Scarcely had...when

১৩. Although + but একসাথে নয়; Because + so একসাথে নয়

১৪. Direct → Indirect: Tense Backshift + Word Order পরিবর্তন

১৅. Negative Adverb (Never/Seldom/Hardly) দিয়ে শুরু → Inversion

১৬. Simple → Complex: Participial Phrase → Adverb Clause

১৭. Rhetorical Question: Who does not... → Everyone...

১৮. Cleft Sentence: It is...who/that → নির্দিষ্ট অংশে জোর

১৯. Complex-এ Subordinating Conjunction; Compound-এ Coordinating Conjunction

২০. Compound-Complex = ২+ Independent + ১+ Dependent Clause

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