Spelling

Spelling

বানান

Spelling কেন গুরুত্বপূর্ণ? — ধারণা ও গুরুত্ব

📌 📌 Spelling শেখার গুরুত্ব

ইংরেজি বানান বাংলার মতো উচ্চারণ অনুযায়ী নয় — একই অক্ষর বিভিন্নভাবে উচ্চারিত হয়।

BCS, Bank, NTRCA সহ সব প্রতিযোগিতামূলক পরীক্ষায় Spelling থেকে সরাসরি প্রশ্ন আসে।

তিন ধরনের Spelling প্রশ্ন পরীক্ষায় আসে:

১. Identify the misspelled word — ভুল বানান চিহ্নিত করো

২. Correct spelling of a word — সঠিক বানান লেখো

৩. Find the correctly spelled word — সঠিক বানানটি খুঁজে বের করো

এই অধ্যায়ে: বানানের নিয়ম, Suffix/Prefix যোগের নিয়ম, সবচেয়ে বেশি ভুল হওয়া শব্দ,

একই উচ্চারণ কিন্তু ভিন্ন বানান (Homophones), এবং ব্রিটিশ vs আমেরিকান বানান।

Part A: Spelling-এর মূল নিয়মাবলি — Basic Spelling Rules

নিয়ম 1: 'i before e except after c' — মূল নিয়ম

সাধারণত 'ie' হয়; কিন্তু 'c'-এর পরে 'ei' হয়।

📌 📌 ie vs ei নিয়ম

i before e (c ছাড়া):

believe, achieve, relief, grief, piece, field, niece, chief, brief, shield, thief

friend, fierce, pier, diesel, hygiene, retrieve

c-এর পরে ei:

receive, deceive, conceive, perceive, ceiling, receipt, deceit, conceit

ei when pronounced 'ay':

weigh, eight, freight, neighbor, vein, reign, rein, sleigh, feign, heinous

ব্যতিক্রম (Exception) মনে রাখুন:

weird, seize, either, neither, leisure, protein, caffeine, conscience, species, ancient

✗ recieve

✓ receive

c-এর পরে → ei: receive

✗ beleive

✓ believe

c ছাড়া → ie: believe

✗ acheive

✓ achieve

c ছাড়া → ie: achieve

✗ wierd

✓ weird

ব্যতিক্রম → weird

নিয়ম 2: Silent E (Magic E) নিয়ম

Suffix যোগের সময় শেষের Silent 'e' বাদ পড়ে।

📌 📌 Silent E — কখন বাদ পড়ে, কখন পড়ে না

Vowel দিয়ে শুরু Suffix (-ing, -ed, -er, -est, -able, -ous, -ive) → e বাদ পড়ে:

make→making, love→loving, write→writing, come→coming

hope→hoping, drive→driving, dance→dancing, use→using

love→lovable, desire→desirable, fame→famous, nerve→nervous

sense→sensible, create→creative, argue→arguable

Consonant দিয়ে শুরু Suffix (-ment, -ness, -ful, -less, -ly) → e থাকে:

hope→hopeful, care→careful, love→lovely, hate→hateful

amuse→amusement, pale→paleness, state→stately

বিশেষ ব্যতিক্রম (e বাদ পড়ে না):

change→changeable, notice→noticeable, service→serviceable

(c বা g-এর পরে 'e' রাখতে হয় 'soft' sound বজায় রাখতে)

courage→courageous, peace→peaceable

✗ makeing

✓ making

e বাদ দিয়ে -ing: making

✗ lovly

✓ lovely

consonant suffix → e রাখো: lovely

✗ changeble

✓ changeable

c-এর পরে e রাখতে হয়: changeable

নিয়ম 3: Doubling Consonant — দ্বিতীয় Consonant নিয়ম

-ing, -ed, -er, -est যোগের সময় শেষ Consonant কখন Double হয়।

📌 📌 Consonant Doubling-এর তিনটি শর্ত

তিনটি শর্ত পূরণ হলে Consonant Double হয়:

শর্ত ১: শেষে একটিমাত্র Consonant থাকবে

শর্ত ২: তার আগে একটিমাত্র Vowel থাকবে

শর্ত ৩: শেষ syllable-এ Stress থাকবে (বা একক syllable)

উদাহরণ — Double হয়:

run→running, sit→sitting, swim→swimming, stop→stopping

cut→cutting, hot→hotter, big→bigger, thin→thinnest

begin→beginning, refer→referring, occur→occurring, control→controlling

admit→admitted, permit→permitted, prefer→preferred, commit→committed

Double হয় না (শেষ syllable-এ stress নেই):

open→opening (stress প্রথমে), happen→happening, enter→entering

listen→listening, differ→differing (dif-fer → stress প্রথমে)

offer→offering, benefit→benefiting, visit→visiting

British English-এ l সবসময় double হয়:

travel→travelling, cancel→cancelling, signal→signalling, label→labelling

American: traveling, canceling, signaling, labeling

✗ runing

✓ running

single syllable + short vowel → double: running

✗ stoping

✓ stopping

short vowel + single consonant → stopping

✗ begining

✓ beginning

begin → stress on last syllable → beginning

✗ openning

✓ opening

stress প্রথম syllable-এ → no double: opening

নিয়ম 4: Consonant + Y → ies / ied নিয়ম

Consonant-এর পরে 'y' থাকলে Plural বা Verb-এ 'y' → 'i' হয়।

📌 📌 y-এর পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম

Consonant + y → y-কে i করে Suffix যোগ:

Plural: baby→babies, city→cities, lady→ladies, party→parties

3rd Person: carry→carries, fly→flies, study→studies, cry→cries

Past Tense: carry→carried, try→tried, study→studied, hurry→hurried

Adjective: happy→happiness, beauty→beautiful

Vowel + y → শুধু s বা ed যোগ (y পরিবর্তন হয় না):

Plural: boy→boys, day→days, key→keys, monkey→monkeys

3rd Person: play→plays, buy→buys, say→says, enjoy→enjoys

Past: played, bought (irregular), stayed, enjoyed

✗ citys

✓ cities

consonant + y → ies: cities

✗ studyed

✓ studied

consonant + y → ied: studied

✗ monkies

✓ monkeys

vowel + y → keys: monkeys

নিয়ম 5: -ful suffix: সবসময় একটি 'l'

'full' শব্দ থেকে suffix হলে একটি 'l' বাদ পড়ে।

✗ beautifull

✓ beautiful

-ful suffix → একটি l: beautiful

✗ wonderfull

✓ wonderful

wonderful — একটি l

নিয়ম 6: -ally vs -ly Adverb Suffix

Adjective-এ -ic শেষে → -ally; বাকিগুলোতে → -ly।

✗ basicly

✓ basically

basic + -ally: basically (not -ly)

✗ truely

✓ truly

true → e বাদ দিয়ে + ly: truly

✗ wholely

✓ wholly

whole → e বাদ + lly: wholly

নিয়ম 7: -able vs -ible — কোনটা কখন?

কোনো নির্দিষ্ট নিয়ম নেই, কিন্তু কিছু pattern আছে।

📌 📌 -able vs -ible পার্থক্য করার উপায়

-able সাধারণত Complete Word-এর পরে বসে:

accept→acceptable, comfort→comfortable, depend→dependable

read→readable, break→breakable, like→likable, remark→remarkable

fashion→fashionable, value→valuable, change→changeable

-ible সাধারণত Root Word-এর পরে বসে (complete word নয়):

possible, terrible, visible, horrible, responsible

sensible, flexible, eligible, incredible, compatible

digestible, reversible, divisible, convertible, combustible

মনে রাখার কৌশল — -ible Common List:

possible, terrible, horrible, sensible, visible, responsible,

flexible, eligible, incredible, compatible, edible, legible,

audible, feasible, plausible, tangible, invincible, accessible

✗ responsable

✓ responsible

responsible → -ible

✗ visable

✓ visible

visible → -ible

✗ comfortible

✓ comfortable

comfortable → -able (complete word + -able)

নিয়ম 8: -ance/-ence এবং -ant/-ent — উচ্চারণে পার্থক্য নেই, বানানে আছে

কোনো সহজ নিয়ম নেই — মুখস্থ করতে হবে।

📌 📌 -ance/-ant vs -ence/-ent শব্দ তালিকা

-ANCE / -ANT শব্দ:

importance, distance, substance, tolerance, abundance, dominance,

ignorance, resistance, relevance, significance, entrance, attendance,

performance, balance, nuisance, insurance, maintenance, guidance,

hesitance, assistance, brilliant, relevant, important, significant

-ENCE / -ENT শব্দ:

difference, existence, experience, influence, violence, silence,

confidence, evidence, intelligence, patience, occurrence, consequence,

preference, reference, sentence, excellence, presence, prudence,

dependent, independent, efficient, convenient, sufficient, obedient

মনে রাখার কৌশল: -ence শব্দের পরে সাধারণত Verb করলে '-ence' থাকে:

depend → dependence, insist → insistence, persist → persistence

✗ existance

✓ existence

existence → -ence

✗ differance

✓ difference

difference → -ence

✗ dependance

✓ dependance

dependence → -ence (not -ance)

নিয়ম 9: -tion / -sion / -cion / -cian — Suffix নির্বাচন

উচ্চারণ একই হলেও বানান আলাদা।

📌 📌 -tion vs -sion নির্বাচনের নিয়ম

-TION (সবচেয়ে সাধারণ):

nation, action, function, mention, attention, condition, education,

solution, position, pollution, section, protection, direction,

information, preparation, celebration, communication

-SION (Verb-এ -de, -se, -d, -s শেষে):

decide→decision, divide→division, conclude→conclusion, collide→collision

supervise→supervision, revise→revision, extend→extension, expand→expansion

explode→explosion, persuade→persuasion, convert→conversion

-SSION (-ss শেষে বা mission/passion ধরনের):

permission, passion, mission, session, profession, possession,

discussion, impression, expression, depression, confession

-CIAN (ব্যক্তি বোঝায়):

musician, physician, politician, mathematician, electrician, technician

-XION (British, কিছু শব্দে):

complexion, connection (British: connexion)

✗ decission

✓ decision

divide→decision (-sion)

✗ permition

✓ permission

permission → -ssion

নিয়ম 10: Prefix যোগে বানান পরিবর্তন হয় না

Prefix যোগ করলে মূল শব্দের বানান অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।

📌 📌 Prefix + Root = No Change

un- + natural = unnatural (double n)

un- + necessary = unnecessary (double n)

dis- + satisfied = dissatisfied (double s)

dis- + appear = disappear (একটি p — not disapppear)

mis- + spell = misspell (double s)

mis- + understand = misunderstand

over- + rate = overrate (double r)

re- + enter = reenter (double e)

il- + legal = illegal (double l)

ir- + regular = irregular (double r)

im- + mature = immature (double m)

in- + accurate = inaccurate (double a)

✗ unatural → ✓ unnatural

✗ disatisfied → ✓ dissatisfied

✗ mispell → ✓ misspell

✗ unatural

✓ unnatural

un + natural = unnatural (nn)

✗ mispell

✓ misspell

mis + spell = misspell (ss)

✗ disatisfied

✓ dissatisfied

dis + satisfied = dissatisfied (ss)

Part B: British vs American Spelling — ব্রিটিশ বনাম আমেরিকান বানান

বিষয়

British Spelling

American Spelling

আরো উদাহরণ

-our vs -or

colour, honour, favour, labour

color, honor, favor, labor

neighbour/neighbor, humour/humor, vigour/vigor

-re vs -er

centre, theatre, litre, fibre

center, theater, liter, fiber

metre/meter, spectre/specter

-ise vs -ize

realise, organise, recognise

realize, organize, recognize

analyse/analyze, practise/practice (verb)

-ll vs -l

travelling, fulfil, enrol

traveling, fulfill, enroll

cancelling/canceling, signalling/signaling

-ogue vs -og

catalogue, dialogue, analogue

catalog, dialog, analog

monologue/monolog

-ence vs -ense

defence, licence (noun), offence

defense, license, offense

pretence/pretense

-ae/-oe vs -e

anaemia, oestrogen, foetus

anemia, estrogen, fetus

encyclopaedia/encyclopedia

Past tense -t vs -ed

learnt, spelt, dreamt, burnt

learned, spelled, dreamed, burned

smelt/smelled, leapt/leaped

⚠️ ⚠️ পরীক্ষায় মনে রাখার বিষয়

BCS-এ British Spelling সঠিক হিসেবে গণ্য হয়:

colour ✓ (not color), centre ✓ (not center), realise ✓ (not realize)

Practice (noun) vs Practise (verb) — British English-এ আলাদা:

She practises every day. (verb) / Her practice is good. (noun)

American English-এ উভয়ই 'practice' ব্যবহার হয়।

Licence (noun) vs License (verb) — British English-এ:

He has a driving licence. (noun) / They licensed the car. (verb)

Part C: সবচেয়ে বেশি ভুল হওয়া শব্দ — Common Misspellings — পরীক্ষায় বারবার আসে

✗ ভুল বানান

✓ সঠিক বানান

মন্তব্য

accomodate

accommodate

mm এবং cc — দুটোই double

agressive

aggressive

gg এবং ss — aggressive

embarass

embarrass

rr এবং ss — embarrass

harrass

harass

একটি r, দুটি s — harass

millenium

millennium

ll এবং nn — millennium

necesary

necessary

c একটি, ss দুটি — necessary

occassion

occasion

cc একটি, s একটি — occasion

reccomend

recommend

cc এবং mm — recommend

posession

possession

ss দুটি — possession

profesional

professional

ss এবং ll — professional

comittee

committee

mm এবং tt — committee

begining

beginning

nn দুটি — beginning

diferent

different

ff দুটি — different

disapoint

disappoint

pp দুটি — disappoint

fullfil

fulfil

British: একটি l শেষে; American: fulfill

inoculate

inoculate

c একটি — inoculate ✓ (এটি সঠিক)

occured

occurred

rr দুটি — occurred

refering

referring

rr দুটি — referring

admited

admitted

tt দুটি — admitted

ommit

omit

m একটি — omit

✗ ভুল বানান

✓ সঠিক বানান

মন্তব্য

knowlege

knowledge

dge শেষে — knowledge

goverment

government

n আছে — government

enviroment

environment

n আছে — environment

febuary

February

r আছে — February

libary

library

r আছে — library

definately

definitely

definitely — ite, not ate

seperate

separate

a — sep-a-rate

wich

which

wh — which

freind

friend

ie — friend

grammer

grammar

ar — grammar

calender

calendar

ar — calendar

foriegn

foreign

ei — foreign

gaurntee

guarantee

guarantee (ua, not au)

pronounciation

pronunciation

pronunciation (no 'o' in -nun-)

Febuary

February

r — Feb-ru-ary

Wendsday

Wednesday

d — Wednes-day

Januery

January

a — Jan-u-ary

reciept

receipt

c-এর পরে ei — receipt

beleif

belief

ie — belief

yatch

yacht

yacht (ch silent — yot)

✗ ভুল বানান

✓ সঠিক বানান

মন্তব্য

existance

existence

ence — existence

persistance

persistence

ence — persistence

dependance

dependence

ence — dependence

indipendent

independent

e — independent

prominant

prominent

ent — prominent

relvent

relevant

relevant

priviledge

privilege

privilege (no d)

cemetary

cemetery

ery — cemetery

secratary

secretary

secretary

foriegner

foreigner

foreigner

mischievious

mischievous

mischievous (no i before ous)

rythm

rhythm

rhythm (yth)

absense

absence

ence → absence

maintainance

maintenance

maintenance

gaurantee

guarantee

guarantee (uar)

liason

liaison

liaison

ocassionally

occasionally

cc, s — occasionally

percieve

perceive

c-এর পরে ei — perceive

playright

playwright

playwright (wright)

athelete

athlete

athlete (no e in middle)

✗ ভুল বানান

✓ সঠিক বানান

মন্তব্য

arguement

argument

argument (e বাদ)

managment

management

management (e রাখো)

judgement / judgment

judgment

American: judgment; British: judgement

catagory

category

category (ego)

liesure

leisure

leisure

conciencious

conscientious

conscientious

consious

conscious

conscious (sci)

subconcious

subconscious

subconscious (sci)

beaurocracy

bureaucracy

bureaucracy (eau, cra)

bourough

borough

borough

sacrilegeous

sacrilegious

sacrilegious (no e before ious)

paralell

parallel

parallel (all, l শেষে)

mischevious

mischievous

mischievous

innoculate

inoculate

inoculate (একটি n, একটি c)

speach

speech

speech (ee)

teh

the

the

recieve

receive

receive (c-এর পরে ei)

bizzare

bizarre

bizarre (zz, r একটি)

wierd

weird

weird (ব্যতিক্রম)

camoflage

camouflage

camouflage (ou)

Part D: Homophones ও Confusable Words — একই উচ্চারণ — ভিন্ন বানান ও অর্থ

Homophone ১

অর্থ

Homophone ২

অর্থ

উদাহরণ বাক্য

there

সেখানে

their

তাদের (মালিকানা)

She went there. / They took their bags.

there

সেখানে

they're

they are

They're going there.

to

দিকে

too

অত্যধিক / ও

I want to go too.

to

দিকে

two

দুই

Two girls went to school.

your

আপনার

you're

you are

You're wearing your coat.

its

এর

it's

it is / it has

It's lost its tail.

whose

কার (মালিকানা)

who's

who is / has

Who's the girl whose bag is here?

accept

গ্রহণ করা

except

ব্যতীত

All except him will accept the offer.

affect

প্রভাবিত করা (Verb)

effect

ফলাফল (Noun)

The effect of rain affected the crops.

allowed

অনুমোদিত

aloud

উচ্চস্বরে

Reading aloud is allowed here.

already

ইতিমধ্যে

all ready

সম্পূর্ণ প্রস্তুত

We are all ready, but she has already left.

altogether

সম্পূর্ণভাবে

all together

একসাথে

They sang all together, which was altogether delightful.

brake

বিরতি দেওয়া/ব্রেক

break

ভাঙা/বিরতি

Apply the brake before you break anything.

capital

রাজধানী/অক্ষর

capitol

সংসদ ভবন

The Capitol is in the capital city.

complement

পরিপূরক

compliment

প্রশংসা

She complimented him on his complement to the outfit.

council

পরিষদ

counsel

পরামর্শ

The council sought legal counsel.

desert

মরুভূমি / ত্যাগ করা

dessert

মিষ্টান্ন

Don't desert me in the desert; I want dessert.

elicit

বের করা

illicit

অবৈধ

He tried to elicit illicit information.

eminent

বিখ্যাত

imminent

আসন্ন

An eminent scientist said danger is imminent.

ensure

নিশ্চিত করা

insure

বীমা করা

Insure your car to ensure your safety.

further

আরো (figurative)

farther

আরো দূরে (physical)

Go no farther; let's discuss this further.

hear

শোনা

here

এখানে

Come here so I can hear you.

hole

গর্ত

whole

সম্পূর্ণ

A hole in the whole plan.

lead

নেতৃত্ব করা (Verb) / সীসা

led

নেতৃত্ব করল (Past)

He led the team with a lead pipe.

lose

হারানো

loose

আলগা

Don't lose the loose screw.

past

অতীত

passed

অতিক্রম করল

He passed his past exam.

peace

শান্তি

piece

টুকরো

A piece of cake for peace.

plain

সরল / মাঠ

plane

বিমান / সমতল

A plain on the plane.

practice

অনুশীলন (Noun)

practise

অনুশীলন করা (Verb)

He practises his practice every day.

principal

প্রধান / মূলধন

principle

নীতি

The principal has high principles.

rain/reign/rein

বৃষ্টি/শাসন/লাগাম

(3 words)

—

The king's reign started in the rain. Rein in the horse.

right/write/rite

সঠিক/লেখা/অনুষ্ঠান

(3 words)

—

Write the right rite.

sight/site/cite

দৃষ্টি/স্থান/উদ্ধৃত

(3 words)

—

Cite the sight at the building site.

stationary

স্থির

stationery

কাগজপত্র

The stationery shop is stationary.

than

তুলনায়

then

তারপর

First do this, then you are better than before.

their/there

তাদের/সেখানে

(pair)

—

Their house is over there.

threw

ছুঁড়ল

through

দিয়ে

He threw the ball through the window.

waist

কোমর

waste

অপচয়

Don't waste your waistline.

weather

আবহাওয়া

whether

কিনা

Whether the weather is good or not.

which

কোনটি

witch

ডাইনি

Which witch is which?

Part E: Commonly Confused Words — বিভ্রান্তিকর শব্দজোড়া

শব্দ ১

অর্থ

শব্দ ২

অর্থ

স্মরণীয় বাক্য

advice

পরামর্শ (Noun)

advise

পরামর্শ দেওয়া (Verb)

I advise you to take my advice.

affect

প্রভাবিত করা (V)

effect

ফলাফল (N) / কার্যকর করা (V)

The effect affected everyone.

altogether

সম্পূর্ণরূপে

all together

একসাথে

All together now — it's altogether too loud.

among

তিন বা বেশি

between

দুটির মাঝে

Between you and me, among all students.

beside

পাশে

besides

ছাড়াও

Besides the tree, she sat beside him.

censor

নিয়ন্ত্রণ করা

censure

সমালোচনা করা

The censor censured the film.

classic

অসাধারণ কিছু

classical

ধ্রুপদী

A classic example of classical music.

complement

পরিপূরক

compliment

প্রশংসা

His tie complements; she complimented him.

compose

রচনা করা

comprise

অন্তর্ভুক্ত করা

The book comprises chapters he composed.

contemptible

ঘৃণ্য

contemptuous

ঘৃণাপূর্ণ

His contemptible act was met with contemptuous looks.

continuous

অবিরাম

continual

বারবার

Continual rain vs continuous flow.

credible

বিশ্বাসযোগ্য

credulous

সহজে বিশ্বাসকারী

A credulous person believes incredible things.

definite

নিশ্চিত

definitive

চূড়ান্ত

A definitive answer is a definite one.

disinterested

নিরপেক্ষ

uninterested

উৎসাহহীন

A disinterested judge may be uninterested.

economic

অর্থনৈতিক

economical

সাশ্রয়ী

An economical economic plan.

famous

বিখ্যাত

infamous

কুখ্যাত

The infamous criminal was once famous.

fewer

কম সংখ্যায়

less

কম পরিমাণে

Fewer people, less noise.

historic

ঐতিহাসিক গুরুত্বপূর্ণ

historical

ইতিহাস-সম্পর্কিত

A historical novel about a historic event.

imply

ইঙ্গিত করা

infer

অনুমান করা

I infer from what you imply.

lay

রাখা (transitive)

lie

শুয়ে থাকা (intransitive)

Lie down and lay the book here.

lend

ধার দেওয়া

borrow

ধার নেওয়া

Lend me a pen; I'll borrow it.

loose

আলগা (Adj.)

lose

হারানো (Verb)

Don't lose the loose button.

precede

আগে আসা

proceed

এগিয়ে যাওয়া

Proceed after the preface precedes.

principal

প্রধান

principle

নীতি

The principal has high principles.

stationery

কাগজপত্র

stationary

স্থির

The stationery shop is stationary.

Part F: বিভাগভিত্তিক গুরুত্বপূর্ণ শব্দতালিকা — পরীক্ষায় বারবার আসে

absence

achievement

acknowledge

acquire

aggressive

apparently

appreciate

appropriate

argument

assessment

believe

bizarre

calendar

careful

colleague

column

commitment

committee

conscience

conscious

controversial

convenience

correspond

criticise

curiosity

deceive

definitely

deliberate

describe

desperate

determine

disappear

disappoint

discipline

discussion

embarrass

environment

excellent

existence

exaggerate

experience

explanation

familiar

fascinating

February

foreign

frequent

fulfil

generally

government

guarantee

guidance

harass

height

humorous

hygiene

hypocrite

ignorance

imagination

immediate

independence

independent

individual

innocent

intelligence

interrupt

knowledge

language

leisure

library

liaison

literature

maintenance

mischief

mischievous

necessary

negotiate

neighbour

noticeable

occasionally

occurrence

opinion

opportunity

parliament

possession

precede

prejudice

privilege

proceed

pronunciation

psychology

publicly

questionnaire

really

receive

recommend

reference

relevant

resistance

rhyme

rhythm

ridiculous

secretary

separate

sergeant

significant

silence

sincerely

sophisticated

succeed

sufficient

surprise

technique

temperature

tomorrow

tragedy

transferable

unfortunately

unnecessary

until

valuable

vegetable

Wednesday

weigh

weird

whether

-ary

-ery

-ory

necessary

bakery

actory

secretary

celery

directory

dictionary

cemetery

history

February

mystery

laboratory

library

monastery

observatory

military

periphery

preparatory

ordinary

stationery

repository

primary

surgery

statutory

temporary

discovery

promissory

vocabulary

lottery

territory

Silent Letter

শব্দ

Silent b

bomb, climb, comb, crumb, debt, doubt, dumb, lamb, limb, numb, plumb, thumb, tomb, womb

Silent c

acquaint, acquire, muscle, scene, scissors, scent, ascent, conscience, descent, science

Silent d

handsome, handkerchief, Wednesday, sandwich, adjust, hedge, fudge, judge, grudge

Silent g

gnarl, gnaw, gnome, reign, foreign, sign, design, assign, align, benign, campaign, champagne

Silent gh

daughter, eight, fight, flight, freight, height, knight, light, might, night, right, sigh, straight, taught, thought, weight, through

Silent h

heir, honest, honour, hour, ghost, rhinoceros, rhyme, rhythm, vehicle, white, while, whether

Silent k

knee, kneel, knew, knife, knight, knock, know, knowledge, knit, knot

Silent l

calm, calf, folk, half, palm, psalm, salmon, talk, walk, would, could, should, yolk, balm, alms

Silent n

autumn, column, condemn, damn, hymn, solemn, government

Silent p

cupboard, pneumonia, psychiatry, psychology, pterodactyl, receipt, raspberry, corps

Silent s

island, isle, aisle, debris, viscount

Silent t

ballet, buffet, castle, depot, fasten, glisten, hustle, listen, mortgage, often, rustle, soften, whistle

Silent w

answer, sword, two, who, whole, wrap, wreck, wrestle, wring, wrist, write, wrong, wrinkle

Part G: Plural Formation — বহুবচন গঠনের নিয়ম

নিয়ম

Singular → Plural

উদাহরণ

সাধারণত -s যোগ

book→books

cat, dog, house, pen, table, chair, apple

-s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o শেষে -es

bus→buses

brush→brushes, church→churches, box→boxes, tomato→tomatoes

Consonant + y → ies

baby→babies

city→cities, lady→ladies, country→countries

Vowel + y → s

boy→boys

day→days, key→keys, monkey→monkeys

-f/-fe → ves

leaf→leaves

knife→knives, wife→wives, life→lives, wolf→wolves, half→halves

-f → s (কিছু শব্দে)

roof→roofs

cliff→cliffs, chief→chiefs, belief→beliefs, proof→proofs

Irregular Plural

man→men

woman→women, child→children, foot→feet, tooth→teeth

Same form Singular/Plural

sheep→sheep

deer, fish, species, series, aircraft, spacecraft

Latin/Greek origin

criterion→criteria

phenomenon→phenomena, datum→data, analysis→analyses

-o শেষে (কিছু) → s

photo→photos

piano→pianos, solo→solos, memo→memos, radio→radios

⚠️ 📌 সবচেয়ে বেশি ভুল হওয়া Plural Forms

analysis → analyses (not analysises)

criterion → criteria (not criterions)

phenomenon → phenomena (not phenomenons)

datum → data (data is plural; 'datas' ভুল)

curriculum → curricula (not curriculums — though accepted)

medium → media (media is plural)

index → indices / indexes (উভয়ই গ্রহণযোগ্য)

appendix → appendices / appendixes

formula → formulae / formulas

memorandum → memoranda / memorandums

nucleus → nuclei (not nucleus)

cactus → cacti / cactuses

axis → axes (not axises)

basis → bases (not basises)

hypothesis → hypotheses (not hypothesis)

synthesis → syntheses

thesis → theses (not thesises)

crisis → crises (not crisis — plural)

oasis → oases

parenthesis → parentheses

MCQ Practice Set — বহুনির্বাচনি প্রশ্নোত্তর — সঠিক বানান চিহ্নিত করুন

1. Which is correctly spelled?

(A) recieve

(B) receive

(C) receve

(D) receieve

✔ Answer: (B) receive c-এর পরে ei → receive (i before e, except after c)

2. Which is correctly spelled?

(A) accomodate

(B) acomodate

(C) accommodate

(D) acommodate

✔ Answer: (C) accommodate cc এবং mm — accommodate

3. Which is correctly spelled?

(A) embarass

(B) embarrass

(C) embarras

(D) embaras

✔ Answer: (B) embarrass rr এবং ss — embarrass

4. Which is correctly spelled?

(A) neccessary

(B) nessecary

(C) necessary

(D) nesessary

✔ Answer: (C) necessary একটি c, দুটি s — necessary

5. Which is correctly spelled?

(A) occassion

(B) occasion

(C) ocassion

(D) occasoin

✔ Answer: (B) occasion cc, একটি s — occasion

6. Which is correctly spelled?

(A) millenium

(B) milennium

(C) millennium

(D) milenium

✔ Answer: (C) millennium ll এবং nn — millennium

7. Which is correctly spelled?

(A) commitee

(B) committee

(C) comittee

(D) comitee

✔ Answer: (B) committee mm এবং tt — committee

8. Which is correctly spelled?

(A) seperate

(B) seprate

(C) separate

(D) seprrate

✔ Answer: (C) separate sep-a-rate — a আছে মাঝে

9. Which is correctly spelled?

(A) definately

(B) definitely

(C) definatly

(D) definitly

✔ Answer: (B) definitely def-in-ite-ly

10. Which is correctly spelled?

(A) priviledge

(B) privilige

(C) privilege

(D) privalige

✔ Answer: (C) privilege privilege (no d)

11. Which is correctly spelled?

(A) grammer

(B) gramar

(C) grammar

(D) grammarr

✔ Answer: (C) grammar gram-mar — ar শেষে

12. Which is correctly spelled?

(A) begining

(B) beginning

(C) beggining

(D) begginning

✔ Answer: (B) beginning nn — beginning

13. Which is correctly spelled?

(A) refering

(B) refering

(C) referring

(D) reffering

✔ Answer: (C) referring rr — referring (stress শেষ syllable-এ)

14. Which is correctly spelled?

(A) occured

(B) ocurred

(C) occurred

(D) occurrd

✔ Answer: (C) occurred rr — occurred

15. Which is correctly spelled?

(A) pronounciation

(B) pronunciation

(C) pronuncitation

(D) pronunsiation

✔ Answer: (B) pronunciation pronunciation (no 'o' in -nun-)

16. Which is correctly spelled?

(A) existance

(B) existence

(C) existense

(D) existenc

✔ Answer: (B) existence ence — existence

17. Which is correctly spelled?

(A) independant

(B) independent

(C) indipendent

(D) independant

✔ Answer: (B) independent ent — independent

18. Which is correctly spelled?

(A) recomend

(B) reccomend

(C) recommend

(D) recoommend

✔ Answer: (C) recommend cc এবং mm — recommend

19. Which is correctly spelled?

(A) harrass

(B) harase

(C) harass

(D) harras

✔ Answer: (C) harass একটি r, দুটি s — harass

20. Which is correctly spelled?

(A) mischievious

(B) mischievous

(C) mischeivous

(D) mischevious

✔ Answer: (B) mischievous mischievous (no i before ous)

21. Which is correctly spelled?

(A) rythm

(B) rhythem

(C) rhythm

(D) rythym

✔ Answer: (C) rhythm rh-y-thm

22. Which is correctly spelled?

(A) wierd

(B) wired

(C) weird

(D) weard

✔ Answer: (C) weird weird — ie rule-এর ব্যতিক্রম

23. Which is correctly spelled?

(A) liason

(B) liaison

(C) laision

(D) liaision

✔ Answer: (B) liaison liaison

24. Which is correctly spelled?

(A) truely

(B) truly

(C) truley

(D) trully

✔ Answer: (B) truly true → e বাদ → truly

25. Which is correctly spelled?

(A) changeable

(B) changable

(C) changible

(D) chaingeable

✔ Answer: (A) changeable c-এর পরে e রাখতে হয়: changeable

26. Which is correctly spelled?

(A) beautifull

(B) beautiful

(C) beautifil

(D) beutiful

✔ Answer: (B) beautiful -ful → একটি l: beautiful

27. Which is correctly spelled?

(A) basicly

(B) basically

(C) basickly

(D) baasically

✔ Answer: (B) basically -ic → -ically: basically

28. Which is correctly spelled?

(A) travelling

(B) traveling

(C) travlling

(D) travvelling

✔ Answer: (A) travelling British English: ll — travelling

29. Which spelling is British English?

(A) color

(B) honor

(C) favour

(D) center

✔ Answer: (C) favour British: -our (not -or)

30. The plural of 'criterion' is:

(A) criterions

(B) criterias

(C) criterions

(D) criteria

✔ Answer: (D) criteria criterion → criteria (Greek origin)

31. The plural of 'phenomenon' is:

(A) phenomenons

(B) phenomena

(C) phenomenas

(D) phenomene

✔ Answer: (B) phenomena phenomenon → phenomena

32. Which is correctly spelled?

(A) conscous

(B) concious

(C) conscious

(D) consious

✔ Answer: (C) conscious con-sci-ous

33. Which is correctly spelled?

(A) bureacracy

(B) bureaucracy

(C) burocracy

(D) beaurocracy

✔ Answer: (B) bureaucracy bureau-cra-cy

34. Which is correctly spelled?

(A) paralell

(B) parallel

(C) parralel

(D) parallell

✔ Answer: (B) parallel par-all-el (all + el)

35. Which is correctly spelled?

(A) stationery

(B) stationary

(C) stationory

(D) stationery

✔ Answer: (A) stationery stationery = কাগজপত্র (ery); stationary = স্থির (ary)

Practice Questions

Error Detection — ভুল বানান চিহ্নিত ও সংশোধন করুন

1. She is definately coming to the party.

ভুল: definately → সংশোধন: definitely

ব্যাখ্যা: def-in-ite-ly — definitely

2. The committe met on Wednesday to discuss the matter.

ভুল: committe → সংশোধন: committee

ব্যাখ্যা: mm এবং tt — committee

3. Please accomodate our request as soon as possible.

ভুল: accomodate → সংশোধন: accommodate

ব্যাখ্যা: cc এবং mm — accommodate

4. He recieved a letter from the principal.

ভুল: recieved → সংশোধন: received

ব্যাখ্যা: c-এর পরে ei → received

5. She had a priviledge to meet the president.

ভুল: priviledge → সংশোধন: privilege

ব্যাখ্যা: privilege (no d)

6. The weather had a bad affect on the harvest.

ভুল: affect → সংশোধন: effect

ব্যাখ্যা: effect = ফলাফল (Noun); affect = প্রভাবিত করা (Verb)

7. Their going to the market in bad weather.

ভুল: Their → সংশোধন: They're

ব্যাখ্যা: They're = they are; Their = possessive

8. The principle of the school addressed the students.

ভুল: principle → সংশোধন: principal

ব্যাখ্যা: principal = প্রধান; principle = নীতি

9. I would like to borrow you my pen.

ভুল: borrow → সংশোধন: lend

ব্যাখ্যা: lend = ধার দেওয়া; borrow = ধার নেওয়া

10. The existance of parallel universes is debated.

ভুল: existance → সংশোধন: existence

ব্যাখ্যা: ence — existence

11. She has a grammer mistake in every sentence.

ভুল: grammer → সংশোধন: grammar

ব্যাখ্যা: grammar (ar শেষে)

12. The millenium bug worried computer scientists.

ভুল: millenium → সংশোধন: millennium

ব্যাখ্যা: ll এবং nn — millennium

13. He was embarased by the public criticism.

ভুল: embarased → সংশোধন: embarrassed

ব্যাখ্যা: rr এবং ss — embarrassed

14. The ocassion called for formal attire.

ভুল: ocassion → সংশোধন: occasion

ব্যাখ্যা: cc, একটি s — occasion

15. She practises stationary writing every day. (She does not move)

ভুল: stationary → সংশোধন: stationery

ব্যাখ্যা: stationery = কাগজপত্র; stationary = স্থির

16. The new millenium brought many changes.

ভুল: millenium → সংশোধন: millennium

ব্যাখ্যা: ll এবং nn — millennium

17. He is independant of his parents now.

ভুল: independant → সংশোধন: independent

ব্যাখ্যা: ent — independent

18. We need to recomend a good candidate.

ভুল: recomend → সংশোধন: recommend

ব্যাখ্যা: cc এবং mm — recommend

19. The weird phenomenons defied explanation.

ভুল: phenomenons → সংশোধন: phenomena

ব্যাখ্যা: phenomenon → phenomena (Greek plural)

20. The seperation of powers is a key principle.

ভুল: seperation → সংশোধন: separation

ব্যাখ্যা: separation (a — sep-a-ra-tion)

21. She harrassed him with constant questions.

ভুল: harrassed → সংশোধন: harassed

ব্যাখ্যা: harass → harassed (একটি r, ss)

22. The libary has a large collection of books.

ভুল: libary → সংশোধন: library

ব্যাখ্যা: library (r আছে — lib-ra-ry)

23. The goverment announced new tax policies.

ভুল: goverment → সংশোধন: government

ব্যাখ্যা: government (n আছে)

24. It was truely an unforgettable experience.

ভুল: truely → সংশোধন: truly

ব্যাখ্যা: true → e বাদ → truly

25. The rhythem of the music was captivating.

ভুল: rhythem → সংশোধন: rhythm

ব্যাখ্যা: rhythm (no e — rh-y-thm)

26. She acknowledged that her arguement was weak.

ভুল: arguement → সংশোধন: argument

ব্যাখ্যা: argue → argument (e বাদ)

27. The criteria for selection is very strict.

ভুল: criteria for selection is → সংশোধন: criteria for selection are

ব্যাখ্যা: criteria = Plural → are

28. He committed a noticable error in the report.

ভুল: noticable → সংশোধন: noticeable

ব্যাখ্যা: notice + able = noticeable (e রাখতে হয়)

29. Running is benificial for health.

ভুল: benificial → সংশোধন: beneficial

ব্যাখ্যা: beneficial (bene + fic + ial)

30. The scientist's hypthesis was later proved wrong.

ভুল: hypthesis → সংশোধন: hypothesis

ব্যাখ্যা: hypothesis (hypo-the-sis)

🎯 🎯 পরীক্ষার আগে শেষ মুহূর্তের চেকলিস্ট

১. i before e except after c: believe, receive — কিন্তু: weird, seize, leisure (ব্যতিক্রম)

২. Silent e বাদ পড়ে Vowel Suffix-এ: make→making; কিন্তু থাকে Consonant Suffix-এ: hope→hopeful

৩. Consonant Double হয়: run→running (1 vowel + 1 consonant + stressed syllable)

৪. Double হয় না: open→opening (stress first syllable), differ→differing

৫. British -our, -re, -ise, -ll: colour, centre, realise, travelling

৬. -ful suffix → সবসময় একটি l: beautiful, wonderful, hopeful

৭. -ic ending → -ically: basic→basically (not basicly)

৮. accommodate → cc + mm; necessary → c + ss; embarrass → rr + ss

৯. committee → mm + tt; millennium → ll + nn; occurrence → cc + rr

১০. separate → sep-a-rate (a আছে); definite → def-in-ite (not definitely with 'a')

১১. Homophones: there/their/they're; your/you're; its/it's; affect/effect; principal/principle

১২. Plural: criterion→criteria; phenomenon→phenomena; analysis→analyses; thesis→theses

১৩. -ance vs -ence: existence, independence, occurrence → -ence

১৪. -able vs -ible: comfortable (complete word+able); responsible (root+ible)

১৫. -tion, -sion, -ssion: decision(decide), permission(ss), musician(-cian for person)

১৬. Prefix + Root: unnatural(nn), dissatisfied(ss), misspell(ss), disappear(একটি p)

১৭. y পরিবর্তন: baby→babies; boy→boys; carry→carried; play→played

১৮. government → n আছে; library → r আছে; February → r আছে

১৯. truly (not truely); argument (not arguement); noticeable (e রাখো)

২০. rhythm, weird, guarantee, privilege, mischievous — এগুলো সবচেয়ে বেশি ভুল হয়