অধ্যয়ন | বিসিএস, চাকরি ও বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় ভর্তি প্রস্তুতি

CHAPTER

Voice Change

Active & Passive Voice

1. Voice — সংজ্ঞা, প্রকারভেদ ও পরিচিতি

Voice হলো Verb-এর এমন একটি রূপ যা বলে দেয় কাজটি Subject করছে (Active) নাকি Subject-এর উপর কাজটি হচ্ছে (Passive)। Competitive Exam-এ Voice Change সবচেয়ে বেশি আসা Grammar Topic-গুলোর একটি।

FORMULA / STRUCTURE

Active Voice: Subject নিজে কাজ করে। → S + V + O

Passive Voice: Object কাজ পায় — নতুন Subject হয়। → O + be + V3 + by + S

Key Formula: Step 1: Active O → Passive S | Step 2: Add correct "be" | Step 3: V → V3 | Step 4: Active S → "by + obj form"

বৈশিষ্ট্য	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Focus	Doer (কর্তা)	Action / Receiver (কাজ/কর্ম)
Structure	S + V + O	O + be + V3 + by S
Verb	Tense অনুযায়ী	be + V3 (Past Participle)
Object	আছে (Transitive চাই)	নতুন Subject হয়
"by" phrase	নেই	by + Original Subject (obj. form)
Example	She teaches English.	English is taught by her.

★ NOTE

When to use Passive:

① কর্তা অজানা: The office was broken into last night.

② কর্তা অপ্রাসঙ্গিক: The road is being repaired.

③ Formal/Scientific writing: The experiment was conducted carefully.

④ কর্মকে গুরুত্ব দিতে: The Nobel Prize was awarded to her.

⑤ Diplomatic/Impersonal: Mistakes were made. (কে করেছে বলতে চাই না)

2. Core Formula, Pronoun Change & "be" Verb Chart

2.1 Pronoun Change — Active ↔ Passive

Active Subject	→ "by" form (Passive)	Active Object	→ Passive Subject
I	by me	me	I
we	by us	us	we
you	by you	you	you
he	by him	him	he
she	by her	her	she
they	by them	them	they
it	by it	it	it
who	by whom	whom	who
one	by one	one	one

2.2 Complete "be" Verb Table by Tense

Tense	Active	Passive "be"	Passive Structure
Simple Present	S + V1/V1+s/es + O	am/is/are	O + am/is/are + V3 + by S
Present Continuous	S + is/am/are + V-ing + O	is/am/are being	O + is/am/are + being + V3 + by S
Present Perfect	S + have/has + V3 + O	have/has been	O + have/has + been + V3 + by S
Pres. Perfect Cont.	S + have/has been + V-ing + O	have/has been being	O + have/has been being + V3 (rare)
Simple Past	S + V2 + O	was/were	O + was/were + V3 + by S
Past Continuous	S + was/were + V-ing + O	was/were being	O + was/were + being + V3 + by S
Past Perfect	S + had + V3 + O	had been	O + had been + V3 + by S
Past Perf. Cont.	S + had been + V-ing + O	had been being	O + had been being + V3 (rare)
Simple Future	S + will + V1 + O	will be	O + will be + V3 + by S
Future Continuous	S + will be + V-ing + O	will be being	O + will be being + V3 (rare)
Future Perfect	S + will have + V3 + O	will have been	O + will have been + V3 + by S
Modal (can)	S + can + V1 + O	can be	O + can be + V3 + by S
Modal (could)	S + could + V1 + O	could be	O + could be + V3 + by S
Modal (may)	S + may + V1 + O	may be	O + may be + V3 + by S
Modal (might)	S + might + V1 + O	might be	O + might be + V3 + by S
Modal (must)	S + must + V1 + O	must be	O + must be + V3 + by S
Modal (should)	S + should + V1 + O	should be	O + should be + V3 + by S
Modal (would)	S + would + V1 + O	would be	O + would be + V3 + by S
Modal (shall)	S + shall + V1 + O	shall be	O + shall be + V3 + by S
Modal (ought to)	S + ought to + V1 + O	ought to be	O + ought to be + V3 + by S
Modal (need)	S + need + V1 + O	need be	O + need be + V3 + by S
Modal (dare)	S + dare + V1 + O	dare be	O + dare be + V3
have to	S + have to + V1 + O	have/has to be	O + have/has to be + V3 + by S
used to	S + used to + V1 + O	used to be	O + used to be + V3 + by S
Infinitive	S + want to + V1 + O	to be + V3	S + want + O + to be + V3
Gerund	S + enjoy + V-ing + O	being + V3	S + enjoy + O being + V3 / S + enjoy being + V3
Imperative (+)	V1 + O	Let + O + be + V3	Let + O + be + V3
Imperative (−)	Don't + V1 + O	Let + O + not + be + V3	Let + O + not be + V3

3. Voice Change

3.1 Simple Present Tense

Tense/Type	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Sim. Pres. (+)	She teaches English.	English is taught by her.
Sim. Pres. (+)	He reads the newspaper.	The newspaper is read by him.
Sim. Pres. (+)	They grow vegetables.	Vegetables are grown by them.
Sim. Pres. (+)	The authority publishes results.	Results are published by the authority.
Sim. Pres. (+)	She loves music.	Music is loved by her.
Sim. Pres. (+)	I know the answer.	The answer is known by me.
Sim. Pres. (+)	He signs all documents.	All documents are signed by him.
Sim. Pres. (+)	The baker bakes fresh bread.	Fresh bread is baked by the baker.
Sim. Pres. (+)	She manages the team.	The team is managed by her.
Sim. Pres. (+)	He drives the bus every day.	The bus is driven by him every day.
Sim. Pres. (−)	She does not accept bribes.	Bribes are not accepted by her.
Sim. Pres. (−)	He does not write emails.	Emails are not written by him.
Sim. Pres. (−)	They do not discuss secrets.	Secrets are not discussed by them.
Sim. Pres. (?)	Do they manufacture these?	Are these manufactured by them?
Sim. Pres. (?)	Does she play the violin?	Is the violin played by her?
Sim. Pres. (?)	Do you understand the rule?	Is the rule understood by you?

1. [Sim. Pres. [+]]

Active: The government announces the budget every year.

Passive: The budget is announced by the government every year.

ব্যাখ্যা: announces (V+s) → is + announced (V3)।

2. [Sim. Pres. [+]]

Active: She distributes the prizes to the winners.

Passive: The prizes are distributed by her to the winners.

ব্যাখ্যা: distributes → are + distributed।

3. [Sim. Pres. [+]]

Active: The company hires graduates from top universities.

Passive: Graduates from top universities are hired by the company.

ব্যাখ্যা: hires → are + hired।

4. [Sim. Pres. [−]]

Active: The director does not approve overtime.

Passive: Overtime is not approved by the director.

ব্যাখ্যা: does not + V1 → is/are + not + V3।

5. [Sim. Pres. [−]]

Active: They do not permit late entry.

Passive: Late entry is not permitted by them.

ব্যাখ্যা: do not + V1 → is/are + not + V3।

6. [Sim. Pres. [?]]

Active: Do the farmers harvest rice in November?

Passive: Is rice harvested by the farmers in November?

ব্যাখ্যা: Do + S + V1 → Is/Are + O + V3?

7. [Sim. Pres. [?]]

Active: Does he repair old watches?

Passive: Are old watches repaired by him?

ব্যাখ্যা: Does + S + V1 → Is/Are + O + V3?

3.2 Present Continuous Tense

Tense/Type	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Pres. Cont. (+)	She is writing a report.	A report is being written by her.
Pres. Cont. (+)	The workers are repairing the road.	The road is being repaired by the workers.
Pres. Cont. (+)	The chef is cooking a special dish.	A special dish is being cooked by the chef.
Pres. Cont. (+)	Scientists are conducting research.	Research is being conducted by scientists.
Pres. Cont. (+)	She is teaching the children.	The children are being taught by her.
Pres. Cont. (+)	He is painting the wall.	The wall is being painted by him.
Pres. Cont. (+)	They are building a new hospital.	A new hospital is being built by them.
Pres. Cont. (+)	The team is discussing the plan.	The plan is being discussed by the team.
Pres. Cont. (−)	He is not reading the book.	The book is not being read by him.
Pres. Cont. (−)	She is not signing the contract.	The contract is not being signed by her.
Pres. Cont. (?)	Is she teaching the students?	Are the students being taught by her?
Pres. Cont. (?)	Are the mechanics servicing the vehicle?	Is the vehicle being serviced by the mechanics?
Pres. Cont. (?)	Is he reviewing the budget?	Is the budget being reviewed by him?

8. [Pres. Cont. [+]]

Active: The government is implementing new policies.

Passive: New policies are being implemented by the government.

ব্যাখ্যা: is + V-ing → is/are + being + V3।

9. [Pres. Cont. [+]]

Active: The engineers are testing the new bridge.

Passive: The new bridge is being tested by the engineers.

ব্যাখ্যা: are + V-ing → is/are + being + V3।

10. [Pres. Cont. [+]]

Active: She is preparing the annual report.

Passive: The annual report is being prepared by her.

ব্যাখ্যা: is + preparing → is + being + prepared।

11. [Pres. Cont. [−]]

Active: They are not considering his proposal.

Passive: His proposal is not being considered by them.

ব্যাখ্যা: are + not + V-ing → is/are + not + being + V3।

12. [Pres. Cont. [?]]

Active: Is the committee reviewing the applications?

Passive: Are the applications being reviewed by the committee?

ব্যাখ্যা: Is + S + V-ing → Is/Are + O + being + V3?

3.3 Present Perfect Tense

Tense/Type	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Pres. Perf. (+)	She has written three novels.	Three novels have been written by her.
Pres. Perf. (+)	Scientists have discovered a new vaccine.	A new vaccine has been discovered by scientists.
Pres. Perf. (+)	The parliament has passed the new bill.	The new bill has been passed by the parliament.
Pres. Perf. (+)	He has completed the assignment.	The assignment has been completed by him.
Pres. Perf. (+)	The company has launched a new product.	A new product has been launched by the company.
Pres. Perf. (+)	She has submitted the report.	The report has been submitted by her.
Pres. Perf. (+)	The doctor has examined the patient.	The patient has been examined by the doctor.
Pres. Perf. (+)	They have designed a new app.	A new app has been designed by them.
Pres. Perf. (−)	He has not paid the bill.	The bill has not been paid by him.
Pres. Perf. (−)	She has not finished the work.	The work has not been finished by her.
Pres. Perf. (?)	Has she submitted the form?	Has the form been submitted by her?
Pres. Perf. (?)	Have they announced the results?	Have the results been announced by them?
Pres. Perf. (?)	Has he signed the contract?	Has the contract been signed by him?

13. [Pres. Perf. [+]]

Active: The authority has approved the proposal.

Passive: The proposal has been approved by the authority.

ব্যাখ্যা: has + V3 → has + been + V3।

14. [Pres. Perf. [+]]

Active: The researchers have found a cure.

Passive: A cure has been found by the researchers.

ব্যাখ্যা: have + V3 → have + been + V3।

15. [Pres. Perf. [−]]

Active: The management has not resolved the issue.

Passive: The issue has not been resolved by the management.

ব্যাখ্যা: has + not + V3 → has + not + been + V3।

16. [Pres. Perf. [?]]

Active: Has the jury reached a verdict?

Passive: Has a verdict been reached by the jury?

ব্যাখ্যা: Has + S + V3 → Has + O + been + V3?

3.4 Simple Past Tense

Tense/Type	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Sim. Past (+)	He wrote a beautiful poem.	A beautiful poem was written by him.
Sim. Past (+)	The police arrested the criminal.	The criminal was arrested by the police.
Sim. Past (+)	She delivered an inspiring speech.	An inspiring speech was delivered by her.
Sim. Past (+)	The architect designed the building.	The building was designed by the architect.
Sim. Past (+)	The president signed the treaty.	The treaty was signed by the president.
Sim. Past (+)	They built a new school.	A new school was built by them.
Sim. Past (+)	She taught mathematics for 30 years.	Mathematics was taught by her for 30 years.
Sim. Past (+)	The storm destroyed many houses.	Many houses were destroyed by the storm.
Sim. Past (+)	He won the championship.	The championship was won by him.
Sim. Past (+)	She painted the mural.	The mural was painted by her.
Sim. Past (+)	They repaired the broken bridge.	The broken bridge was repaired by them.
Sim. Past (+)	He submitted the application.	The application was submitted by him.
Sim. Past (−)	She did not invite him.	He was not invited by her.
Sim. Past (−)	They did not inform the authority.	The authority was not informed by them.
Sim. Past (−)	He did not complete the task.	The task was not completed by him.
Sim. Past (?)	Did the board approve the plan?	Was the plan approved by the board?
Sim. Past (?)	Did she deliver the speech?	Was the speech delivered by her?
Sim. Past (?)	Did he repair the car?	Was the car repaired by him?
Sim. Past (?)	Did they construct the road?	Was the road constructed by them?

17. [Sim. Past [+]]

Active: The government inaugurated the metro rail.

Passive: The metro rail was inaugurated by the government.

ব্যাখ্যা: V2 (inaugurated) → was/were + V3।

18. [Sim. Past [+]]

Active: The committee selected five candidates.

Passive: Five candidates were selected by the committee.

ব্যাখ্যা: selected → were + selected।

19. [Sim. Past [+]]

Active: She published her first novel at age twenty.

Passive: Her first novel was published by her at age twenty.

ব্যাখ্যা: published → was + published।

20. [Sim. Past [+]]

Active: Shakespeare wrote many great plays.

Passive: Many great plays were written by Shakespeare.

ব্যাখ্যা: wrote → were + written।

21. [Sim. Past [+]]

Active: The scientist invented a new formula.

Passive: A new formula was invented by the scientist.

ব্যাখ্যা: invented → was + invented।

22. [Sim. Past [−]]

Active: The judge did not accept the appeal.

Passive: The appeal was not accepted by the judge.

ব্যাখ্যা: did + not + V1 → was/were + not + V3।

23. [Sim. Past [?]]

Active: Did the factory produce defective goods?

Passive: Were defective goods produced by the factory?

ব্যাখ্যা: Did + S + V1 → Was/Were + O + V3?

24. [Sim. Past [?]]

Active: Did she write the resignation letter?

Passive: Was the resignation letter written by her?

ব্যাখ্যা: Did + S + V1 → Was/Were + O + V3?

3.5 Past Continuous Tense

Tense/Type	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Past Cont. (+)	She was typing the letter.	The letter was being typed by her.
Past Cont. (+)	The chef was preparing dinner.	Dinner was being prepared by the chef.
Past Cont. (+)	They were renovating the building.	The building was being renovated by them.
Past Cont. (+)	He was reading a report.	A report was being read by him.
Past Cont. (+)	The engineers were testing the aircraft.	The aircraft was being tested by the engineers.
Past Cont. (+)	She was knitting a sweater.	A sweater was being knitted by her.
Past Cont. (+)	The team was developing a new app.	A new app was being developed by the team.
Past Cont. (−)	He was not watching the match.	The match was not being watched by him.
Past Cont. (−)	She was not signing the forms.	The forms were not being signed by her.
Past Cont. (?)	Were the workers laying bricks?	Were bricks being laid by the workers?
Past Cont. (?)	Was she drawing a portrait?	Was a portrait being drawn by her?

25. [Past Cont. [+]]

Active: The archaeologists were excavating the ruins.

Passive: The ruins were being excavated by the archaeologists.

ব্যাখ্যা: was/were + V-ing → was/were + being + V3।

26. [Past Cont. [+]]

Active: She was decorating the hall for the ceremony.

Passive: The hall was being decorated by her for the ceremony.

ব্যাখ্যা: was + decorating → was + being + decorated।

27. [Past Cont. [?]]

Active: Were the scientists analyzing the data?

Passive: Was the data being analyzed by the scientists?

ব্যাখ্যা: Were + S + V-ing → Was/Were + O + being + V3?

3.6 Past Perfect Tense

Tense/Type	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Past Perf. (+)	She had submitted the report.	The report had been submitted by her.
Past Perf. (+)	They had completed the task.	The task had been completed by them.
Past Perf. (+)	The doctor had treated all patients.	All patients had been treated by the doctor.
Past Perf. (+)	He had read the whole book.	The whole book had been read by him.
Past Perf. (+)	The jury had reached a verdict.	A verdict had been reached by the jury.
Past Perf. (+)	She had written the script.	The script had been written by her.
Past Perf. (−)	He had not paid the fine.	The fine had not been paid by him.
Past Perf. (−)	They had not repaired the road.	The road had not been repaired by them.
Past Perf. (?)	Had she read the instructions?	Had the instructions been read by her?
Past Perf. (?)	Had the team prepared the report?	Had the report been prepared by the team?

28. [Past Perf. [+]]

Active: The engineers had inspected the bridge before it was opened.

Passive: The bridge had been inspected by the engineers before it was opened.

ব্যাখ্যা: had + V3 → had + been + V3।

29. [Past Perf. [?]]

Active: Had the committee reviewed the applications?

Passive: Had the applications been reviewed by the committee?

ব্যাখ্যা: Had + S + V3 → Had + O + been + V3?

3.7 Simple Future & Future Perfect Tense

Tense/Type	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Sim. Future (+)	She will present the findings.	The findings will be presented by her.
Sim. Future (+)	The government will build 10,000 houses.	10,000 houses will be built by the government.
Sim. Future (+)	He will sign the agreement.	The agreement will be signed by him.
Sim. Future (+)	They will announce the winner.	The winner will be announced by them.
Sim. Future (+)	She will publish her research.	Her research will be published by her.
Sim. Future (−)	The court will not accept this evidence.	This evidence will not be accepted by the court.
Sim. Future (−)	He will not write the report.	The report will not be written by him.
Sim. Future (?)	Will she deliver the lecture?	Will the lecture be delivered by her?
Sim. Future (?)	Will they complete the project?	Will the project be completed by them?
Future Perf. (+)	She will have finished by Friday.	It will have been finished by her by Friday.
Future Perf. (+)	They will have launched the satellite.	The satellite will have been launched by them.
Future Perf. (+)	He will have completed the bridge by 2027.	The bridge will have been completed by him by 2027.

30. [Sim. Future [+]]

Active: The prime minister will inaugurate the airport next year.

Passive: The airport will be inaugurated by the prime minister next year.

ব্যাখ্যা: will + V1 → will + be + V3।

31. [Sim. Future [−]]

Active: The bank will not approve the loan.

Passive: The loan will not be approved by the bank.

ব্যাখ্যা: will + not + V1 → will + not + be + V3।

32. [Sim. Future [?]]

Active: Will the scientists publish their findings?

Passive: Will their findings be published by the scientists?

ব্যাখ্যা: Will + S + V1 → Will + O + be + V3?

33. [Future Perf. [+]]

Active: The committee will have reviewed all files by Monday.

Passive: All files will have been reviewed by the committee by Monday.

ব্যাখ্যা: will + have + V3 → will + have been + V3।

4. Passive with Modal Verbs — Modal-এ Voice Change

FORMULA / STRUCTURE

Formula: S + Modal + V1 + O → O + Modal + be + V3 + by S

Remember: Modal সবসময় same থাকে; শুধু "be + V3" যোগ হয়।

Tense/Type	Active Voice	Passive Voice
can	She can solve the problem.	The problem can be solved by her.
can	He can speak five languages.	Five languages can be spoken by him.
can	They can complete the project.	The project can be completed by them.
could	He could lift heavy weights.	Heavy weights could be lifted by him.
could	Nobody could predict the disaster.	The disaster could not be predicted by anybody.
could	She could explain the concept.	The concept could be explained by her.
may	You may use this room.	This room may be used by you.
may	The court may reduce the sentence.	The sentence may be reduced by the court.
may	She may publish the findings.	The findings may be published by her.
might	It might help someone.	Someone might be helped by it.
might	He might solve the mystery.	The mystery might be solved by him.
must	All must follow the rules.	The rules must be followed by all.
must	She must submit the form today.	The form must be submitted by her today.
must	Citizens must obey the law.	The law must be obeyed by citizens.
should	You should respect elders.	Elders should be respected by you.
should	She should complete the task.	The task should be completed by her.
should	The doctor should examine him.	He should be examined by the doctor.
would	She would write every evening.	Letters would be written by her every evening.
would	He would review applications.	Applications would be reviewed by him.
shall	I shall return the book.	The book shall be returned by me.
ought to	You ought to obey your parents.	Your parents ought to be obeyed by you.
ought to	The government ought to provide jobs.	Jobs ought to be provided by the government.
need	You need not worry about this.	This need not be worried about by you.
have to	She has to prepare the report.	The report has to be prepared by her.
have to	He has to finish the project.	The project has to be finished by him.
used to	He used to collect stamps.	Stamps used to be collected by him.
used to	She used to teach science.	Science used to be taught by her.
had better	You had better submit the form.	The form had better be submitted by you.

34. [Modal [can]]

Active: Only certified engineers can operate this machine.

Passive: This machine can only be operated by certified engineers.

ব্যাখ্যা: can + V1 → can + be + V3।

35. [Modal [must]]

Active: The workers must wear safety helmets.

Passive: Safety helmets must be worn by the workers.

ব্যাখ্যা: must + V1 → must + be + V3।

36. [Modal [should]]

Active: The authority should investigate the matter.

Passive: The matter should be investigated by the authority.

ব্যাখ্যা: should + V1 → should + be + V3।

37. [Modal [may]]

Active: The doctor may prescribe antibiotics.

Passive: Antibiotics may be prescribed by the doctor.

ব্যাখ্যা: may + V1 → may + be + V3।

38. [Modal [could (neg)]]

Active: No one could solve the mystery.

Passive: The mystery could not be solved by anyone.

ব্যাখ্যা: No one → anyone; could + V1 → could + be + V3।

39. [Modal [might]]

Active: The storm might damage the crops.

Passive: The crops might be damaged by the storm.

ব্যাখ্যা: might + V1 → might + be + V3।

40. [Modal [ought to]]

Active: Every student ought to maintain discipline.

Passive: Discipline ought to be maintained by every student.

ব্যাখ্যা: ought to + V1 → ought to + be + V3।

41. [Modal [have to]]

Active: She has to submit the annual report.

Passive: The annual report has to be submitted by her.

ব্যাখ্যা: has to + V1 → has to + be + V3।

42. [Modal [used to]]

Active: Farmers used to harvest rice manually.

Passive: Rice used to be harvested manually by farmers.

ব্যাখ্যা: used to + V1 → used to + be + V3।

43. [Modal [would]]

Active: The manager would review every file.

Passive: Every file would be reviewed by the manager.

ব্যাখ্যা: would + V1 → would + be + V3।

5. Special Cases — বিশেষ নিয়মাবলী

5.1 Two Objects (Direct & Indirect)

FORMULA / STRUCTURE

Pattern: S + V + Indirect Object + Direct Object

Option A (preferred): Indirect Object → Subject

Option B: Direct Object → Subject + to/for + Indirect Object

Tense/Type	Active Voice	Passive Voice
IO→S	The teacher gave the students books.	The students were given books by the teacher.
IO→S	He told me the news.	I was told the news by him.
IO→S	She sent him a letter.	He was sent a letter by her.
IO→S	They offered her the job.	She was offered the job by them.
IO→S	He lent me his car.	I was lent his car by him.
IO→S	She awarded him a trophy.	He was awarded a trophy by her.
IO→S	The king granted the soldier a medal.	The soldier was granted a medal by the king.
IO→S	She paid him his wages.	He was paid his wages by her.
DO→S	The teacher gave books to the students.	Books were given to the students by the teacher.
DO→S	She sent a letter to him.	A letter was sent to him by her.
DO→S	They showed the tourists the museum.	The museum was shown to the tourists by them.
DO→S	He taught French to the students.	French was taught to the students by him.

44. [Two Objects [IO→S]]

Active: The principal awarded Rina the scholarship.

Passive: Rina was awarded the scholarship by the principal.

ব্যাখ্যা: IO (Rina) → Passive Subject; DO remains।

45. [Two Objects [DO→S]]

Active: The company offered a new contract to the employee.

Passive: A new contract was offered to the employee by the company.

ব্যাখ্যা: DO → Subject; "to" + IO remains।

46. [Two Objects [both forms]]

Active: The manager gave the team a new assignment.

Passive: Option A: The team was given a new assignment by the manager. / Option B: A new assignment was given to the team by the manager.

ব্যাখ্যা: Both forms correct।

5.2 Imperative Sentences

FORMULA / STRUCTURE

Positive: V1 + O → Let + O + be + V3

Negative: Don't + V1 + O → Let + O + not be + V3

Please request: Please + V1 + O → You are requested to + V1 + O

Tense/Type	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Imp. (+)	Open the window.	Let the window be opened.
Imp. (+)	Submit the form immediately.	Let the form be submitted immediately.
Imp. (+)	Clean the room.	Let the room be cleaned.
Imp. (+)	Switch on the fan.	Let the fan be switched on.
Imp. (+)	Water the plants.	Let the plants be watered.
Imp. (+)	Post this letter.	Let this letter be posted.
Imp. (+)	Ring the bell.	Let the bell be rung.
Imp. (+)	Plant trees everywhere.	Let trees be planted everywhere.
Imp. (+)	Save water.	Let water be saved.
Imp. (+)	Protect the environment.	Let the environment be protected.
Imp. (−)	Do not waste food.	Let food not be wasted.
Imp. (−)	Don't make noise.	Let noise not be made.
Imp. (−)	Never tell a lie.	Let a lie never be told.
Imp. (−)	Do not break the rules.	Let the rules not be broken.
Imp. (−)	Do not park here.	Let no parking be done here.
Please	Please help me.	You are requested to help me.
Please	Please submit your ID.	You are requested to submit your ID.
Please	Please keep quiet.	You are requested to keep quiet.

47. [Imp. [+]]

Active: Preserve the cultural heritage of the country.

Passive: Let the cultural heritage of the country be preserved.

ব্যাখ্যা: V1 + O → Let + O + be + V3।

48. [Imp. [+]]

Active: Switch off the lights before leaving.

Passive: Let the lights be switched off before leaving.

ব্যাখ্যা: Phrasal verb: switch off → be switched off।

49. [Imp. [−]]

Active: Never disrespect your parents.

Passive: Let your parents never be disrespected.

ব্যাখ্যা: Never + V1 → Let + O + never + be + V3।

50. [Imp. [Please]]

Active: Please complete the form in block letters.

Passive: You are requested to complete the form in block letters.

ব্যাখ্যা: Please → You are requested to + V1।

5.3 Question Sentences

FORMULA / STRUCTURE

Who → By whom: "Who wrote this?" → "By whom was this written?"

Yes/No Q: Do/Did/Does → Is/Are/Was/Were + S + V3?

Wh- Q: Wh-word + Aux + S + V3? (Wh-word stays in front)

Whom → Who: "Whom did he meet?" → "Who was met by him?"

Tense/Type	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Who Q (+)	Who wrote this report?	By whom was this report written?
Who Q (+)	Who discovered penicillin?	By whom was penicillin discovered?
Who Q (+)	Who will lead the project?	By whom will the project be led?
Who Q (+)	Who has written this letter?	By whom has this letter been written?
Who Q (+)	Who broke the window?	By whom was the window broken?
Who Q (+)	Who teaches you English?	By whom are you taught English?
Whom Q	Whom did she invite?	Who was invited by her?
Whom Q	Whom does he blame?	Who is blamed by him?
Whom Q	Whom will they select?	Who will be selected by them?
Yes/No Q	Did he finish the project?	Was the project finished by him?
Yes/No Q	Has she submitted the form?	Has the form been submitted by her?
Yes/No Q	Will they announce the result?	Will the result be announced by them?
Yes/No Q	Can she solve the problem?	Can the problem be solved by her?
Yes/No Q	Is he preparing the report?	Is the report being prepared by him?
What Q	What did he say?	What was said by him?
What Q	What are they discussing?	What is being discussed by them?
What Q	What has she written?	What has been written by her?
Where Q	Where did they build the dam?	Where was the dam built by them?
When Q	When will she publish it?	When will it be published by her?
How Q	How did he solve the problem?	How was the problem solved by him?
Why Q	Why did they cancel the event?	Why was the event cancelled by them?
Which Q	Which team won the trophy?	By which team was the trophy won?

51. [Who Q [Sim. Past]]

Active: Who founded this organization?

Passive: By whom was this organization founded?

ব্যাখ্যা: Who → By whom; founded → was + founded।

52. [Who Q [Pres. Perf.]]

Active: Who has completed the assignment?

Passive: By whom has the assignment been completed?

ব্যাখ্যা: Who → By whom; has + V3 → has + been + V3।

53. [Who Q [Future]]

Active: Who will chair the meeting?

Passive: By whom will the meeting be chaired?

ব্যাখ্যা: Who → By whom; will + V1 → will + be + V3।

54. [Whom Q]

Active: Whom did the selection committee choose?

Passive: Who was chosen by the selection committee?

ব্যাখ্যা: Whom (object) → Who (subject in passive)।

55. [What Q [Past Cont.]]

Active: What were the workers building?

Passive: What was being built by the workers?

ব্যাখ্যা: What stays; were + V-ing → was/were + being + V3।

56. [Yes/No Q [Pres. Cont.]]

Active: Is the scientist conducting the experiment?

Passive: Is the experiment being conducted by the scientist?

ব্যাখ্যা: Is + S + V-ing → Is/Are + O + being + V3?

57. [Yes/No Q [Modal]]

Active: Can the team finish this in a week?

Passive: Can this be finished by the team in a week?

ব্যাখ্যা: Can + S + V1 → Can + O + be + V3?

6. Special Passive Structures

6.1 Agent Omitted — "by phrase" বাদ দেওয়া হয়

★ NOTE

নিচের ক্ষেত্রে "by phrase" বাদ দেওয়া হয়:

① Agent অজানা: My bicycle was stolen. (কে চুরি করেছে জানা নেই)

② Agent স্পষ্ট/সাধারণ: English is spoken worldwide.

③ Agent অপ্রাসঙ্গিক: He was arrested.

④ Impersonal/Formal: Mistakes were made.

Tense/Type	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Agent omit.	Someone stole my bag.	My bag was stolen.
Agent omit.	People speak French in Switzerland.	French is spoken in Switzerland.
Agent omit.	They have arrested the suspect.	The suspect has been arrested.
Agent omit.	Someone broke into the office.	The office was broken into.
Agent omit.	They are constructing a flyover.	A flyover is being constructed.
Agent omit.	People celebrate Eid all over Bangladesh.	Eid is celebrated all over Bangladesh.
Agent omit.	Nobody could explain the mystery.	The mystery could not be explained.
Agent omit.	They will repair the road next week.	The road will be repaired next week.

6.2 Impersonal Passive — "It is said/known/believed..."

Active Form	Passive: It is...	Passive: S + is said to...
People say that he is guilty.	It is said that he is guilty.	He is said to be guilty.
Everyone knows she is brilliant.	It is known that she is brilliant.	She is known to be brilliant.
People believe he was innocent.	It is believed that he was innocent.	He is believed to have been innocent.
People report that prices rose.	It is reported that prices rose.	Prices are reported to have risen.
People think he committed it.	It is thought that he committed it.	He is thought to have committed it.
People expect she will win.	It is expected that she will win.	She is expected to win.
Everyone supposed he had escaped.	It was supposed that he had escaped.	He was supposed to have escaped.
Scholars consider it the finest work.	It is considered the finest work.	It is considered to be the finest work.
People allege that he cheated.	It is alleged that he cheated.	He is alleged to have cheated.
People claim that she discovered it.	It is claimed that she discovered it.	She is claimed to have discovered it.

58. [Impersonal [say]]

Active: People say that she is the best candidate.

Passive: It is said that she is the best candidate. / She is said to be the best candidate.

ব্যাখ্যা: People + say → It is said that... / S + is said to be...।

59. [Impersonal [believe]]

Active: Scientists believe that life exists on Mars.

Passive: It is believed by scientists that life exists on Mars. / Life is believed to exist on Mars.

ব্যাখ্যা: believe → It is believed that...।

60. [Impersonal [report + past]]

Active: Journalists reported that the bridge collapsed.

Passive: It was reported by journalists that the bridge had collapsed. / The bridge was reported to have collapsed.

ব্যাখ্যা: reported + past → It was reported that... had + V3।

6.3 Passive with Perception Verbs (See/Hear/Watch/Feel/Notice)

★ NOTE

V-ing form stays: I saw him crossing the road. → He was seen crossing the road by me.

Bare V1 → "to + V1": I saw him cross the road. → He was seen to cross the road by me.

Tense/Type	Active Voice	Passive Voice
see + V-ing	She saw him running.	He was seen running by her.
see + bare V1	She saw him run.	He was seen to run by her.
hear + V-ing	He heard her singing.	She was heard singing by him.
hear + bare V1	He heard her sing.	She was heard to sing by him.
watch + V-ing	They watched him dancing.	He was watched dancing by them.
watch + bare V1	They watched him dance.	He was watched to dance by them.
feel + V-ing	She felt the wind blowing.	The wind was felt blowing by her.
notice + V-ing	The teacher noticed her cheating.	She was noticed cheating by the teacher.
notice + bare V1	The teacher noticed her cheat.	She was noticed to cheat by the teacher.
observe + V-ing	The detective observed him entering.	He was observed entering by the detective.

61. [Perception [see + V-ing]]

Active: The guard saw the thief climbing the wall.

Passive: The thief was seen climbing the wall by the guard.

ব্যাখ্যা: see + O + V-ing → O + was seen + V-ing।

62. [Perception [hear + bare V1]]

Active: We heard the bird sing at dawn.

Passive: The bird was heard to sing at dawn by us.

ব্যাখ্যা: hear + O + bare V1 → O + was heard + to + V1।

63. [Perception [watch + V-ing]]

Active: The coach watched the players training.

Passive: The players were watched training by the coach.

ব্যাখ্যা: watch + O + V-ing → O + were watched + V-ing।

6.4 Causative Passive (Make/Have/Let/Get)

Tense/Type	Active Voice	Passive Voice
make [bare→to]	She made him apologize.	He was made to apologize by her.
make [bare→to]	The officer made the soldiers march.	The soldiers were made to march by the officer.
make [bare→to]	He made her cry.	She was made to cry by him.
have [O+V3]	She had her car repaired.	Her car was repaired (at her request).
have [O+V3]	He had his house painted.	His house was painted (at his request).
have [O+V3]	She had her photo taken.	Her photo was taken (at her request).
get [O+to+V1]	He got the mechanic to fix it.	It was fixed by the mechanic (at his request).
get [O+V3]	She got her hair cut.	Her hair was cut (at her request).
let [bare→allowed]	The teacher let students leave.	Students were allowed to leave by the teacher.
let [bare→allowed]	She let him explain.	He was allowed to explain by her.

64. [Causative [make]]

Active: The drill sergeant made the recruits exercise for two hours.

Passive: The recruits were made to exercise for two hours by the drill sergeant.

ব্যাখ্যা: make + O + bare V1 → O + were made + to + V1।

65. [Causative [have]]

Active: The director had the accountant prepare the financial statement.

Passive: The financial statement was had prepared by the accountant. / The accountant was asked to prepare the financial statement.

ব্যাখ্যা: have + O + V1 → More natural: was asked to...।

66. [Causative [let]]

Active: The principal let the students organize the fair.

Passive: The students were allowed/permitted to organize the fair by the principal.

ব্যাখ্যা: let → was/were + allowed + to + V1।

6.5 Prepositional / Phrasal Verb Passive

★ NOTE

Rule: Phrasal Verb-এর Particle/Preposition সাথেই থাকে — সরানো যাবে না।

Active: She looks after the children. ✔

Passive: The children are looked after by her. ✔

WRONG: The children are looked by her. ✘ ("after" removed — wrong)

Phrasal Verb	Active Example	Passive Example
look after	She looks after the patients.	The patients are looked after by her.
laugh at	They laughed at him.	He was laughed at by them.
deal with	The manager deals with complaints.	Complaints are dealt with by the manager.
call off	They called off the match.	The match was called off by them.
look into	Police looked into the case.	The case was looked into by police.
take care of	He takes care of his parents.	His parents are taken care of by him.
put off	They put off the meeting.	The meeting was put off by them.
bring up	Her aunt brought her up.	She was brought up by her aunt.
look up to	Students look up to their teachers.	Teachers are looked up to by students.
make fun of	They made fun of him.	He was made fun of by them.
give up	He gave up the idea.	The idea was given up by him.
run over	The car ran over the dog.	The dog was run over by the car.
carry out	They carried out the plan.	The plan was carried out by them.
set up	She set up the company.	The company was set up by her.
point out	He pointed out the error.	The error was pointed out by him.
turn down	She turned down the offer.	The offer was turned down by her.
put up with	He put up with the noise.	The noise was put up with by him.
keep up with	She keeps up with current events.	Current events are kept up with by her.
look forward to	She looks forward to meetings.	Meetings are looked forward to by her.
make use of	They make use of every resource.	Every resource is made use of by them.

67. [Phrasal [look after]]

Active: The nurse looks after critically ill patients.

Passive: Critically ill patients are looked after by the nurse.

ব্যাখ্যা: look + after → are + looked after (after stays!)।

68. [Phrasal [bring up]]

Active: Her grandparents brought her up after her parents died.

Passive: She was brought up by her grandparents after her parents died.

ব্যাখ্যা: bring + up → was + brought up।

69. [Phrasal [run over]]

Active: A speeding vehicle ran over the pedestrian.

Passive: The pedestrian was run over by a speeding vehicle.

ব্যাখ্যা: run + over → was + run over।

70. [Phrasal [laugh at]]

Active: The whole class laughed at the comedian.

Passive: The comedian was laughed at by the whole class.

ব্যাখ্যা: laugh + at → was + laughed at (at stays!)।

6.6 Passive → Active Voice

Tense/Type	Active Voice	Passive Voice
→ Active	English is taught by her.	She teaches English.
→ Active	The road is being repaired by workers.	Workers are repairing the road.
→ Active	The letter has been written by him.	He has written the letter.
→ Active	The suspect was arrested by police.	The police arrested the suspect.
→ Active	The report was being prepared by her.	She was preparing the report.
→ Active	The task had been completed.	They/Someone had completed the task.
→ Active	The bridge will be built by them.	They will build the bridge.
→ Active	The problem can be solved by experts.	Experts can solve the problem.
→ Active	Let the door be opened.	Open the door.
→ Active	It is said that he is honest.	People say that he is honest.
→ Active	By whom was the poem written?	Who wrote the poem?
→ Active	The match was called off by them.	They called off the match.
→ Active	She was seen crossing the road.	Someone saw her crossing the road.
→ Active	He was made to work hard.	Someone made him work hard.

71. [Passive→Active [Pres. Perf.]]

Passive: The law has been amended by the parliament.

Active: The parliament has amended the law.

ব্যাখ্যা: has been + V3 → have/has + V3; by parliament → Subject।

72. [Passive→Active [Modal]]

Passive: The situation should be handled carefully by authorities.

Active: Authorities should handle the situation carefully.

ব্যাখ্যা: should + be + V3 → should + V1।

73. [Passive→Active [No agent]]

Passive: The ancient manuscript was discovered in 1970.

Active: Someone discovered the ancient manuscript in 1970.

ব্যাখ্যা: No agent → "someone/they/people" used।

74. [Passive→Active [Imperative]]

Passive: Let the ceremony be conducted with dignity.

Active: Conduct the ceremony with dignity.

ব্যাখ্যা: Let + O + be + V3 → V1 + O।

75. [Passive→Active [By whom Q]]

Passive: By whom was this painting created?

Active: Who created this painting?

ব্যাখ্যা: By whom → Who; was + V3 → V2।

7. Sentences That CANNOT Be Made Passive — যেসব বাক্যের Passive হয় না

FORMULA / STRUCTURE

Rule: Passive করতে Transitive Verb ও Object লাগে।

Intransitive Verbs: "sleep, die, go, come, laugh, cry, sit, stand, fall, rise, arrive, exist, happen, consist, belong, remain, occur" — এদের Passive হয় না।

Sentence	কারণ Passive নেই	সঠিক Comment
She sleeps early.	sleep = Intransitive (no object)	No passive possible.
He went to school.	go = Intransitive	No passive possible.
The accident happened.	happen = Intransitive	No passive possible.
She laughed.	laugh = Intransitive	No passive possible.
He arrived at noon.	arrive = Intransitive	No passive possible.
The bird flew away.	fly away = Intransitive	No passive possible.
She resembles her mother.	resemble = Intransitive in sense	No passive in standard usage.
He consists of...(wrong)	consist of = always Intransitive	No passive.
The sun rises in the east.	rise = Intransitive	No passive (universal truth).
She cried all night.	cry = Intransitive	No passive possible.
She likes music.	like = Transitive (stative)	Music is liked by her. ✔ (Possible!)
She knows him.	know = Transitive (stative)	He is known by her. ✔ (Possible!)
He has a car.	have = possession (stative)	No passive in possession sense.
She loves her family.	love = Transitive (stative)	Her family is loved by her. ✔ (Possible!)

8. Extensive Solved Examples

A. Simple Present — Additional Examples:

76. [Sim.Pres.]

Active: The librarian issues books every morning.

Passive: Books are issued by the librarian every morning.

ব্যাখ্যা: issues → are issued।

77. [Sim.Pres.]

Active: The scientist observes the specimens carefully.

Passive: The specimens are observed carefully by the scientist.

ব্যাখ্যা: observes → are observed।

78. [Sim.Pres.]

Active: The coach trains the team daily.

Passive: The team is trained by the coach daily.

ব্যাখ্যা: trains → is trained।

79. [Sim.Pres.]

Active: She inspects the accounts every month.

Passive: The accounts are inspected by her every month.

ব্যাখ্যা: inspects → are inspected।

80. [Sim.Pres.]

Active: He guides tourists through the museum.

Passive: Tourists are guided through the museum by him.

ব্যাখ্যা: guides → are guided।

81. [Sim.Pres.]

Active: She does not tolerate dishonesty.

Passive: Dishonesty is not tolerated by her.

ব্যাখ্যা: does not + V1 → is not + V3।

82. [Sim.Pres. [?]]

Active: Does the committee review applications?

Passive: Are applications reviewed by the committee?

ব্যাখ্যা: Does + S + V1 → Are + O + V3?

B. Present Continuous — Additional:

83. [Pres.Cont.]

Active: The artist is sculpting a masterpiece.

Passive: A masterpiece is being sculpted by the artist.

ব্যাখ্যা: is + V-ing → is + being + V3।

84. [Pres.Cont.]

Active: The authority is monitoring the situation.

Passive: The situation is being monitored by the authority.

ব্যাখ্যা: is + monitoring → is + being + monitored।

85. [Pres.Cont.]

Active: They are translating the document.

Passive: The document is being translated by them.

ব্যাখ্যা: are + V-ing → is/are + being + V3।

86. [Pres.Cont.]

Active: She is reviewing the candidates' files.

Passive: The candidates' files are being reviewed by her.

ব্যাখ্যা: is + reviewing → are + being + reviewed।

C. Present Perfect — Additional:

87. [Pres.Perf.]

Active: The organization has published its annual report.

Passive: The annual report has been published by the organization.

ব্যাখ্যা: has + V3 → has + been + V3।

88. [Pres.Perf.]

Active: They have never defeated this champion.

Passive: This champion has never been defeated by them.

ব্যাখ্যা: have + never + V3 → has + never + been + V3।

89. [Pres.Perf.]

Active: She has already submitted the thesis.

Passive: The thesis has already been submitted by her.

ব্যাখ্যা: has + already + V3 → has + already + been + V3।

90. [Pres.Perf. [?]]

Active: Has the board approved the budget?

Passive: Has the budget been approved by the board?

ব্যাখ্যা: Has + S + V3 → Has + O + been + V3?

D. Simple Past — Additional:

91. [Sim.Past]

Active: The surgeon performed a delicate operation.

Passive: A delicate operation was performed by the surgeon.

ব্যাখ্যা: performed → was + performed।

92. [Sim.Past]

Active: The explorer discovered the hidden valley.

Passive: The hidden valley was discovered by the explorer.

ব্যাখ্যা: discovered → was + discovered।

93. [Sim.Past]

Active: The army captured the rebel stronghold.

Passive: The rebel stronghold was captured by the army.

ব্যাখ্যা: captured → was + captured।

94. [Sim.Past]

Active: She translated the ancient text.

Passive: The ancient text was translated by her.

ব্যাখ্যা: translated → was + translated।

95. [Sim.Past]

Active: The fire destroyed the entire forest.

Passive: The entire forest was destroyed by the fire.

ব্যাখ্যা: destroyed → was + destroyed।

96. [Sim.Past]

Active: The director rejected all three proposals.

Passive: All three proposals were rejected by the director.

ব্যাখ্যা: rejected → were + rejected।

97. [Sim.Past]

Active: He composed this symphony at age 25.

Passive: This symphony was composed by him at age 25.

ব্যাখ্যা: composed → was + composed।

98. [Sim.Past [−]]

Active: She did not reveal the secret.

Passive: The secret was not revealed by her.

ব্যাখ্যা: did not + V1 → was/were + not + V3।

99. [Sim.Past [?]]

Active: Did the flood damage the crops?

Passive: Were the crops damaged by the flood?

ব্যাখ্যা: Did + S + V1 → Was/Were + O + V3?

100. [Sim.Past [?]]

Active: Did he submit the application before the deadline?

Passive: Was the application submitted by him before the deadline?

ব্যাখ্যা: Did + S + V1 → Was/Were + O + V3?

E. Past Continuous — Additional:

101. [Past Cont.]

Active: The journalist was interviewing the minister.

Passive: The minister was being interviewed by the journalist.

ব্যাখ্যা: was + V-ing → was/were + being + V3।

102. [Past Cont.]

Active: Scientists were testing the formula.

Passive: The formula was being tested by the scientists.

ব্যাখ্যা: were + V-ing → was/were + being + V3।

103. [Past Cont.]

Active: The team was compiling the data.

Passive: The data was being compiled by the team.

ব্যাখ্যা: was + compiling → was + being + compiled।

F. Past Perfect — Additional:

104. [Past Perf.]

Active: The government had already implemented the policy.

Passive: The policy had already been implemented by the government.

ব্যাখ্যা: had + V3 → had + been + V3।

105. [Past Perf.]

Active: She had completed the research before the deadline.

Passive: The research had been completed by her before the deadline.

ব্যাখ্যা: had + completed → had + been + completed।

106. [Past Perf. [−]]

Active: He had not informed the committee.

Passive: The committee had not been informed by him.

ব্যাখ্যা: had + not + V3 → had + not + been + V3।

G. Future Tenses — Additional:

107. [Sim.Future]

Active: The authority will revise the curriculum.

Passive: The curriculum will be revised by the authority.

ব্যাখ্যা: will + V1 → will + be + V3।

108. [Sim.Future]

Active: She will present the findings at the conference.

Passive: The findings will be presented by her at the conference.

ব্যাখ্যা: will + present → will + be + presented।

109. [Sim.Future [−]]

Active: The committee will not disclose the results.

Passive: The results will not be disclosed by the committee.

ব্যাখ্যা: will + not + V1 → will + not + be + V3।

110. [Sim.Future [?]]

Active: Will the engineers complete the overhaul?

Passive: Will the overhaul be completed by the engineers?

ব্যাখ্যা: Will + S + V1 → Will + O + be + V3?

111. [Future Perf.]

Active: They will have submitted the report by noon.

Passive: The report will have been submitted by them by noon.

ব্যাখ্যা: will + have + V3 → will + have been + V3।

H. Modals — Additional:

112. [Modal [can]]

Active: No one can deny this evidence.

Passive: This evidence cannot be denied by anyone.

ব্যাখ্যা: No one → anyone; can + V1 → can + be + V3।

113. [Modal [must]]

Active: The doctor must examine the patient carefully.

Passive: The patient must be examined carefully by the doctor.

ব্যাখ্যা: must + V1 → must + be + V3।

114. [Modal [should]]

Active: The principal should announce the result soon.

Passive: The result should be announced soon by the principal.

ব্যাখ্যা: should + V1 → should + be + V3।

115. [Modal [would]]

Active: The committee would review submissions monthly.

Passive: Submissions would be reviewed monthly by the committee.

ব্যাখ্যা: would + V1 → would + be + V3।

116. [Modal [may − neg]]

Active: She may not approve this.

Passive: This may not be approved by her.

ব্যাখ্যা: may + not + V1 → may + not + be + V3।

117. [Modal [could]]

Active: The engineers could solve the issue.

Passive: The issue could be solved by the engineers.

ব্যাখ্যা: could + V1 → could + be + V3।

I. Questions — Additional:

118. [Who Q]

Active: Who painted the Mona Lisa?

Passive: By whom was the Mona Lisa painted?

ব্যাখ্যা: Who → By whom; painted → was painted।

119. [Who Q [Pres.]]

Active: Who signs all official documents?

Passive: By whom are all official documents signed?

ব্যাখ্যা: Who → By whom; signs → are signed।

120. [Who Q [Pres. Perf.]]

Active: Who has completed the survey?

Passive: By whom has the survey been completed?

ব্যাখ্যা: Who → By whom; has + V3 → has + been + V3।

121. [Whom Q]

Active: Whom did the editor recommend?

Passive: Who was recommended by the editor?

ব্যাখ্যা: Whom → Who; did + V1 → was + V3।

122. [What Q [Simple Past]]

Active: What did the investigation reveal?

Passive: What was revealed by the investigation?

ব্যাখ্যা: What stays; did + V1 → was + V3।

123. [Where Q]

Active: Where did they set up the headquarters?

Passive: Where was the headquarters set up by them?

ব্যাখ্যা: Where stays; did + V1 → was + V3।

124. [When Q]

Active: When will the government announce the verdict?

Passive: When will the verdict be announced by the government?

ব্যাখ্যা: When stays; will + V1 → will + be + V3।

J. Imperative — Additional:

125. [Imp. [+]]

Active: Maintain the historical records carefully.

Passive: Let the historical records be maintained carefully.

ব্যাখ্যা: V1 → Let + O + be + V3।

126. [Imp. [+]]

Active: Handle the chemicals with extreme care.

Passive: Let the chemicals be handled with extreme care.

ব্যাখ্যা: V1 → Let + O + be + V3।

127. [Imp. [−]]

Active: Never ignore the safety guidelines.

Passive: Let the safety guidelines never be ignored.

ব্যাখ্যা: Never + V1 → Let + O + never + be + V3।

128. [Imp. [Please]]

Active: Please complete the survey before Friday.

Passive: You are requested to complete the survey before Friday.

ব্যাখ্যা: Please → You are requested to + V1।

K. Two Objects — Additional:

129. [Two Obj.]

Active: The university offered him a full scholarship.

Passive: He was offered a full scholarship by the university.

ব্যাখ্যা: IO → Subject; DO remains।

130. [Two Obj.]

Active: The organization paid them a generous bonus.

Passive: They were paid a generous bonus by the organization.

ব্যাখ্যা: IO → Subject।

131. [Two Obj.]

Active: She showed the visitors the exhibition.

Passive: The visitors were shown the exhibition by her. / The exhibition was shown to the visitors by her.

ব্যাখ্যা: Both passive forms correct।

L. Phrasal Verbs — Additional:

132. [Phrasal]

Active: They finally called off the strike.

Passive: The strike was finally called off by them.

ব্যাখ্যা: call + off → was + called off।

133. [Phrasal]

Active: She looked into the allegations carefully.

Passive: The allegations were looked into carefully by her.

ব্যাখ্যা: look + into → was/were + looked into।

134. [Phrasal]

Active: He turned down the prestigious award.

Passive: The prestigious award was turned down by him.

ব্যাখ্যা: turn + down → was + turned down।

135. [Phrasal]

Active: The committee put off the decision.

Passive: The decision was put off by the committee.

ব্যাখ্যা: put + off → was + put off।

M. Impersonal Passive — Additional:

136. [Impersonal]

Active: People expect that the economy will improve.

Passive: It is expected that the economy will improve. / The economy is expected to improve.

ব্যাখ্যা: People + expect → It is expected that / Subject + is expected to।

137. [Impersonal]

Active: Historians claim that he was the greatest leader.

Passive: It is claimed by historians that he was the greatest leader. / He is claimed to have been the greatest leader.

ব্যাখ্যা: claim → It is claimed / is claimed to have been।

9. MCQ Practice

MCQ Set A — Basic Voice (Q1–Q20):

Q1. Passive of: "She writes a letter every day."

(a) A letter is written by her every day.

(b) A letter was written by her every day.

(d) A letter is being written by her every day.

Answer: (a) A letter is written by her every day.

Explanation: Simple Present → is/am/are + V3।

Q2. Passive of: "They are building a new hospital."

(a) A new hospital is being built by them.

(b) A new hospital was built by them.

(d) A new hospital is built by them.

Answer: (a) A new hospital is being built by them.

Explanation: Present Continuous → is/am/are + being + V3।

Q3. Passive of: "She has submitted the report."

(a) The report is submitted by her.

(b) The report was submitted by her.

(d) The report had been submitted by her.

Answer: (c) The report has been submitted by her.

Explanation: Present Perfect → have/has + been + V3।

Q4. Passive of: "The police arrested the criminal."

(a) The criminal is arrested by the police.

(b) The criminal was arrested by the police.

(d) The criminal had been arrested by the police.

Answer: (b) The criminal was arrested by the police.

Explanation: Simple Past → was/were + V3।

Q5. Passive of: "Workers were repairing the road."

(a) The road is being repaired by workers.

(b) The road was repaired by workers.

(d) The road had been repaired by workers.

Answer: (c) The road was being repaired by workers.

Explanation: Past Continuous → was/were + being + V3।

Q6. Passive of: "She had completed the project."

(a) The project has been completed by her.

(b) The project was completed by her.

(d) The project had been completed by her.

Answer: (d) The project had been completed by her.

Explanation: Past Perfect → had + been + V3।

Q7. Passive of: "They will announce the result."

(a) The result is announced by them.

(b) The result was announced by them.

(d) The result would be announced by them.

Answer: (c) The result will be announced by them.

Explanation: Simple Future → will + be + V3।

Q8. Passive of: "You must obey the rules."

(a) The rules are obeyed by you.

(b) The rules must be obeyed by you.

(d) The rules are to be obeyed by you.

Answer: (b) The rules must be obeyed by you.

Explanation: Modal (must) → must + be + V3।

Q9. Passive of: "Open the gate."

(a) The gate is opened.

(b) The gate was opened.

(d) Let the gate is opened.

Answer: (c) Let the gate be opened.

Explanation: Imperative → Let + O + be + V3।

Q10. Passive of: "Who wrote this poem?"

(a) By whom was this poem written?

(b) By whom this poem was written?

(d) Whom was this poem written by?

Answer: (a) By whom was this poem written?

Explanation: "Who" → "By whom"; inversion in passive question।

Q11. Which is in Passive Voice?

(a) She opened the door.

(b) He is studying for the exam.

(d) They will complete the work.

Answer: (c) The letter was written by him.

Explanation: "was written by him" = Passive Voice।

Q12. Passive of: "She has not completed the task."

(a) The task has not been completed by her.

(b) The task was not completed by her.

(d) The task had not been completed by her.

Answer: (a) The task has not been completed by her.

Explanation: Present Perfect Negative → has/have + not + been + V3।

Q13. Active of: "The bridge was built by them."

(a) They build the bridge.

(b) They have built the bridge.

(d) They were building the bridge.

Answer: (c) They built the bridge.

Explanation: "was built" = Simple Past Passive → Simple Past Active।

Q14. Passive of: "She was seen to cross the road."

(a) Someone saw her crossing the road.

(b) Someone saw her cross the road.

(d) She crossed the road.

Answer: (b) Someone saw her cross the road.

Explanation: Perception passive (bare V1 in passive → bare V1 in active): was seen to cross → saw cross।

Q15. Passive of: "They made him work overtime."

(a) He was made to work overtime by them.

(b) He was made work overtime by them.

(d) He is made to work overtime by them.

Answer: (a) He was made to work overtime by them.

Explanation: "make + O + bare V1" → O + was made + to + V1 (passive adds "to")।

Q16. Passive of: "She looked after the children."

(a) The children were looked by her.

(b) The children are looked after by her.

(d) The children had been looked by her.

Answer: (c) The children were looked after by her.

Explanation: "look after" (phrasal) → was/were + looked after (at stays!)।

Q17. Which sentence CANNOT be made Passive?

(a) She loves reading novels.

(b) He kicked the ball.

(d) They rejected the offer.

Answer: (c) She slept for hours.

Explanation: "slept" = Intransitive (no object) → no Passive possible।

Q18. Active of: "The results have been announced."

(a) They announced the results.

(b) They have announced the results.

(d) They had announced the results.

Answer: (b) They have announced the results.

Explanation: "have been announced" = Present Perfect Passive → Present Perfect Active।

Q19. Passive of: "Don't waste water."

(a) Let water not be wasted.

(b) Water should not be wasted.

(d) Let water be not wasted.

Answer: (a) Let water not be wasted.

Explanation: Negative Imperative → Let + O + not + be + V3।

Q20. Passive of: "People say that he is a spy."

(a) It is said that he is a spy.

(b) He is said to be a spy.

(d) He has been said to be a spy.

Answer: (c) Both a and b are correct.

Explanation: Impersonal Passive — both forms correct।

MCQ Set B — Intermediate Voice (Q21–Q40):

Q21. Passive of: "The committee will have reviewed all files by noon."

(a) All files will be reviewed by the committee by noon.

(b) All files will have been reviewed by the committee by noon.

(d) All files have been reviewed by the committee.

Answer: (b) All files will have been reviewed by the committee by noon.

Explanation: Future Perfect → will + have been + V3।

Q22. Passive of: "She had her car repaired."

(a) Her car was repaired by her.

(b) Her car was being repaired.

(d) Her car was had repaired.

Answer: (a) Her car was repaired by her.

Explanation: Causative "have + O + V3" → O + was/were + V3 (at her request)।

Q23. Passive of: "The principal awarded Rina the prize."

(a) Rina was awarded the prize by the principal.

(b) The prize was awarded to Rina by the principal.

(d) Rina has been awarded the prize.

Answer: (c) Both a and b are correct.

Explanation: Double object — both forms correct।

Q24. Passive of: "Can she solve the problem?"

(a) Can the problem be solved by her?

(b) Could the problem be solved by her?

(d) Was the problem solved by her?

Answer: (a) Can the problem be solved by her?

Explanation: Can + S + V1 → Can + O + be + V3?

Q25. Passive of: "They ought to follow the procedure."

(a) The procedure ought to be followed by them.

(b) The procedure should be followed by them.

(d) The procedure is to be followed by them.

Answer: (a) The procedure ought to be followed by them.

Explanation: "ought to + V1" → "ought to be + V3"।

Q26. Active of: "It is believed that corruption is widespread."

(a) People are believing that corruption is widespread.

(b) People believe that corruption is widespread.

(d) Everyone had believed corruption is widespread.

Answer: (b) People believe that corruption is widespread.

Explanation: "It is believed" = present → "People believe that..."।

Q27. Passive of: "She used to teach mathematics."

(a) Mathematics was used to be taught by her.

(b) Mathematics used to be taught by her.

(d) Mathematics is taught by her.

Answer: (b) Mathematics used to be taught by her.

Explanation: "used to + V1" → "used to be + V3"।

Q28. Passive of: "He was seen running across the field."

(a) Someone ran across the field.

(b) He ran across the field.

(d) Someone had seen him run.

Answer: (c) Someone saw him running across the field.

Explanation: Perception passive (V-ing stays): was seen + V-ing → someone saw + O + V-ing।

Q29. Choose the CORRECT passive of: "She let him explain his position."

(a) He was let to explain his position.

(b) He was allowed to explain his position by her.

(d) He is allowed explaining his position.

Answer: (b) He was allowed to explain his position by her.

Explanation: "let" → "was allowed to" (let passive uses "allow")।

Q30. Passive of: "How did she manage the crisis?"

(a) How was the crisis managed by her?

(b) How the crisis was managed by her?

(d) How has the crisis been managed by her?

Answer: (a) How was the crisis managed by her?

Explanation: "How" stays; did + V1 → was + V3; inversion।

Q31. Active of: "All employees are required to attend."

(a) The company requires all employees to attend.

(b) All employees have required to attend.

(d) The management is requiring all employees to attend.

Answer: (a) The company requires all employees to attend.

Explanation: "are required" = Present Passive → Active with appropriate subject।

Q32. Passive of: "He has been making the same mistake repeatedly."

(a) The same mistake has been made by him repeatedly.

(b) The same mistake is being made by him.

(d) The same mistake had been made by him.

Answer: (a) The same mistake has been made by him repeatedly.

Explanation: Present Perfect Active → Present Perfect Passive: has been making (active) → has been made (passive)।

Q33. Passive of: "Whom did the jury choose?"

(a) Who was chosen by the jury?

(b) Whom was chosen by the jury?

(d) Who did the jury choose?

Answer: (a) Who was chosen by the jury?

Explanation: "Whom" (object) → "Who" (subject in passive)।

Q34. Active of: "The project will have been completed by them by December."

(a) They will complete the project by December.

(b) They completed the project by December.

(d) They had completed the project by December.

Answer: (c) They will have completed the project by December.

Explanation: "will have been completed" = Future Perfect Passive → Future Perfect Active।

Q35. Passive of: "The workers are making fun of him."

(a) He is being made fun of by the workers.

(b) He is made fun of by the workers.

(d) He is being made fun by the workers.

Answer: (a) He is being made fun of by the workers.

Explanation: Phrasal "make fun of" → "is being made fun of" (all three words stay!)।

Q36. Choose the INCORRECT passive:

(a) She is said to be honest.

(b) It is believed that he came.

(d) The work must be done.

Answer: (c) He was seen to running.

Explanation: "to running" is wrong; should be "to run" (bare V1 in passive) or just "running" (V-ing form)।

Q37. Passive of: "Please help the flood victims."

(a) Let the flood victims be helped.

(b) You are requested to help the flood victims.

(d) Help the flood victims (no change).

Answer: (c) Both a and b are correct.

Explanation: Please + request → both "Let + be" OR "You are requested to" are acceptable।

Q38. Passive of: "She has been teaching here for twenty years."

(a) She has been taught here for twenty years.

(b) Teaching has been done here for twenty years.

(d) Here has been taught by her for twenty years.

Answer: (b) Teaching has been done here for twenty years.

Explanation: Present Perfect Continuous Passive is rare; "teaching" → "teaching being done" or restructure।

Q39. Passive of: "The flood destroyed many homes."

(a) Many homes are destroyed by the flood.

(b) Many homes were destroyed by the flood.

(d) Many homes had been destroyed by the flood.

Answer: (b) Many homes were destroyed by the flood.

Explanation: Simple Past → was/were + V3।

Q40. Active of: "He was laughed at by his classmates."

(a) His classmates are laughing at him.

(b) His classmates laughed at him.

(d) His classmates have laughed at him.

Answer: (b) His classmates laughed at him.

Explanation: "was laughed at" = Simple Past Passive → Simple Past Active।

MCQ Set C — Advanced Voice (Q41–Q50+):

Q41. Passive of: "Someone has broken into the lab."

(a) The lab has been broken into.

(b) The lab was broken into.

(d) The lab has been broken.

Answer: (a) The lab has been broken into.

Explanation: "break into" (phrasal) → "has been broken into" (into stays!)।

Q42. Choose the correct passive of: "She had her assistant prepare the minutes."

(a) Her assistant was made to prepare the minutes.

(b) The minutes were prepared by her assistant.

(d) Her assistant prepared the minutes for her.

Answer: (b) The minutes were prepared by her assistant.

Explanation: Causative "have + O + V1" → Passive: O + was/were + V3 (by agent)।

Q43. Active of: "The orphans are taken care of by the NGO."

(a) The NGO takes care of the orphans.

(b) The NGO is taking care of the orphans.

(d) The NGO was taking care of the orphans.

Answer: (a) The NGO takes care of the orphans.

Explanation: "are taken care of" = Simple Present Passive → Simple Present Active।

Q44. Passive of: "She looked forward to the meeting."

(a) The meeting was looked forward to by her.

(b) The meeting is looked forward to by her.

(d) She was looked forward to the meeting.

Answer: (a) The meeting was looked forward to by her.

Explanation: "look forward to" (phrasal) → "was looked forward to" (to stays!)।

Q45. Which is the correct passive of "The chef is preparing a special dish"?

(a) A special dish was being prepared by the chef.

(b) A special dish is prepared by the chef.

(d) A special dish has been prepared by the chef.

Answer: (c) A special dish is being prepared by the chef.

Explanation: Present Continuous → is/am/are + being + V3।

Q46. Passive of: "The authority should not ignore the warnings."

(a) The warnings should not be ignored by the authority.

(b) The warnings should not ignored by the authority.

(d) The warnings must not be ignored by the authority.

Answer: (a) The warnings should not be ignored by the authority.

Explanation: "should + not + V1" → "should + not + be + V3"।

Q47. Active of: "By whom was the foundation laid?"

(a) Who lay the foundation?

(b) Who was laying the foundation?

(d) Who has laid the foundation?

Answer: (c) Who laid the foundation?

Explanation: "By whom + was + V3" → "Who + V2" (Simple Past Active)।

Q48. Passive of: "The government is going to build new roads."

(a) New roads are being built by the government.

(b) New roads will be built by the government.

(d) New roads were built by the government.

Answer: (c) New roads are going to be built by the government.

Explanation: "be going to + V1" → "be going to be + V3"।

Q49. Which passive is CORRECT?

(a) The letter has wrote by him.

(b) The letter was written by him.

(d) The letter has been write by him.

Answer: (b) The letter was written by him.

Explanation: "was written" (V3) correct; "wrote" is V2 — wrong in passive; "write" not V3।

Q50. Passive of: "I saw the birds fly away."

(a) The birds were seen to fly away by me.

(b) The birds were seen flying away by me.

(d) The birds are seen to fly away.

Answer: (c) Both a and b are correct.

Explanation: Bare V1 → "to + V1" in passive; both forms acceptable।

Q51. Passive of: "The teacher has never punished any student."

(a) No student has ever been punished by the teacher.

(b) No student was ever punished by the teacher.

(d) No student had ever been punished by the teacher.

Answer: (a) No student has ever been punished by the teacher.

Explanation: "has + never + V3" → "has + never + been + V3"; any → no in positive passive।

Q52. Active of: "French is spoken in many countries."

(a) People speak French in many countries.

(b) People are speaking French in many countries.

(d) French was spoken in many countries.

Answer: (a) People speak French in many countries.

Explanation: "is spoken" = Simple Present Passive → Simple Present Active (agent omitted in original)।

Q53. Passive of: "He was supposed to complete the task."

(a) The task was supposed to be completed by him.

(b) The task is supposed to be completed.

(d) The task had been supposed to be completed.

Answer: (a) The task was supposed to be completed by him.

Explanation: "was supposed to + V1" → "was supposed to be + V3"।

Q54. Choose the WRONG passive:

(a) She was given a book by him.

(b) A book was given to her by him.

(d) She was given a book.

Answer: (c) She given a book by him.

Explanation: "She given" — missing "was" auxiliary verb।

Q55. Passive of: "He need not solve this."

(a) This need not be solved by him.

(b) This needs not to be solved by him.

(d) This need not solved by him.

Answer: (a) This need not be solved by him.

Explanation: "need (modal) + V1" → "need be + V3" (passive)।

10. Fill in the Blanks

নিচের শূন্যস্থানে সঠিক Passive বা Active form বসাও।

1. The new airport ___ (inaugurate) by the minister last month. [Sim. Past Passive]

Answer: was inaugurated

ব্যাখ্যা: was + V3 (Simple Past Passive)।

2. A new policy ___ (implement) by the government right now. [Pres. Cont. Passive]

Answer: is being implemented

ব্যাখ্যা: is + being + V3।

3. The results ___ (announce) by the end of the week. [Future Passive]

Answer: will be announced

ব্যাখ্যা: will + be + V3।

4. The candidates must ___ (inform) about the interview date. [Modal Passive]

Answer: be informed

ব্যাখ্যা: must + be + V3।

5. The scholarship ___ (already + award) to five students. [Pres. Perf. Passive]

Answer: has already been awarded

ব্যাখ্যা: has + already + been + V3।

6. The evidence ___ (destroy) before the police arrived. [Past Perf. Passive]

Answer: had been destroyed

ব্যাখ্যা: had + been + V3।

7. By ___ was this monument built? [Who Q Passive]

Answer: whom

ব্যাখ্যা: By whom + was + S + V3?

8. ___ the window be opened by someone. [Imperative Passive]

Answer: Let

ব্যাখ্যা: Let + O + be + V3।

9. The orphans ___ (look after) by a local charity. [Sim. Pres. Passive]

Answer: are looked after

ব্যাখ্যা: are + looked after (phrasal verb passive)।

10. It ___ (allege) that he had stolen the documents. [Impersonal Passive]

Answer: is alleged

ব্যাখ্যা: It + is + V3 + that-clause।

11. She ___ (see) to enter the building by the security camera. [Perception Passive]

Answer: was seen

ব্যাখ্যা: was + seen + to + V1।

12. The students ___ (make) to study for twelve hours. [Causative Passive]

Answer: were made

ব্যাখ্যা: were + made + to + V1।

13. English ___ (speak) by millions all over the world. [Sim. Pres. Passive, agent omit]

Answer: is spoken

ব্যাখ্যা: is + V3 (agent omitted)।

14. The decision ___ (discuss) at the emergency meeting yesterday. [Past Cont. Passive]

Answer: was being discussed

ব্যাখ্যা: was + being + V3।

15. She ___ (believe) to be the best candidate for the position. [Impersonal]

Answer: is believed

ব্যাখ্যা: is believed + to be + Noun।

16. The thief ___ (catch) by the police last night. [Sim. Past]

Answer: was caught

ব্যাখ্যা: was + V3।

17. A new bridge ___ (will + construct) across the river. [Future Passive]

Answer: will be constructed

ব্যাখ্যা: will + be + V3।

18. The meeting ___ (can + postpone) if necessary.

Answer: can be postponed

ব্যাখ্যা: can + be + V3।

19. The monument ___ (damage) during the earthquake. [Sim. Past]

Answer: was damaged

ব্যাখ্যা: was + V3।

20. The report ___ (not + submit) on time by the team. [Pres. Perf. Neg. Passive]

Answer: has not been submitted

ব্যাখ্যা: has + not + been + V3।

21. ___ whom was the letter addressed? [Who Q → Passive]

Answer: By

ব্যাখ্যা: By whom + was...?

22. Let the documents ___ (sign) by the authorized officer.

Answer: be signed

ব্যাখ্যা: Let + O + be + V3।

23. He was ___ to work long hours by his employer. [Causative make]

Answer: made

ব্যাখ্যা: was + made + to + V1।

24. The match ___ (call off) due to heavy rain. [Phrasal, Sim. Past]

Answer: was called off

ব্যাখ্যা: was + called off (phrasal passive)।

25. She ___ (ought to + consult) before any changes are made. [Modal Passive]

Answer: ought to be consulted

ব্যাখ্যা: ought to + be + V3।

26. The ancient ruins ___ (discover) by the archaeologists two years ago.

Answer: were discovered

ব্যাখ্যা: were + V3 (Sim. Past Passive)।

27. ___ the invitations been sent to all guests? [Pres. Perf. Q Passive]

Answer: Have

ব্যাখ্যা: Have + O + been + V3?

28. Thousands of trees ___ (plant) along the highway next year. [Future Passive]

Answer: will be planted

ব্যাখ্যা: will + be + V3।

29. The criminal ___ (sentence) to ten years in prison by the judge.

Answer: was sentenced

ব্যাখ্যা: was + V3।

30. The vaccine ___ (test) extensively before it was approved. [Past Perf. Passive]

Answer: had been tested

ব্যাখ্যা: had + been + V3।

31. The proposal ___ (consider) by the board at this moment. [Pres. Cont. Passive]

Answer: is being considered

ব্যাখ্যা: is + being + V3।

32. He was heard ___ the national anthem at the event. [Perception Passive]

Answer: singing / to sing

ব্যাখ্যা: was heard + V-ing OR was heard + to + V1।

33. All applications ___ (should + process) within two weeks. [Modal Passive]

Answer: should be processed

ব্যাখ্যা: should + be + V3।

34. The painting ___ (attribute) to Picasso by historians. [Sim. Pres. Passive]

Answer: is attributed

ব্যাখ্যা: is + V3।

35. The missing child ___ (find) by the rescue team after 48 hours. [Sim. Past]

Answer: was found

ব্যাখ্যা: was + V3।

36. A prize ___ (give) to the winner by the sponsor. [Two Objects — DO→S]

Answer: was given to the winner

ব্যাখ্যা: was + given + to + IO।

37. The experiment ___ (conduct) under strict laboratory conditions. [Simple Past]

Answer: was conducted

ব্যাখ্যা: was + V3।

38. By the end of this year, the novel ___ (translate) into ten languages. [Future Perf.]

Answer: will have been translated

ব্যাখ্যা: will + have been + V3।

39. She was ___ running across the campus. [Perception Passive — see]

Answer: seen

ব্যাখ্যা: was + seen + V-ing।

40. Let the rules ___ (follow) strictly by everyone. [Imperative Passive]

Answer: be followed

ব্যাখ্যা: Let + O + be + V3।

11. Error Detection

নিচের বাক্যগুলোতে Voice Change-এর ভুল রয়েছে। ভুলটি চিহ্নিত করে সংশোধন করো।

1. The letter was been written by him.

Error: was been → has been → Correction: The letter has been written by him.

was + been ভুল। Present Perfect Passive = has/have + been + V3।

2. The project is being built yesterday.

Error: is being built → was built → Correction: The project was built yesterday.

yesterday = Simple Past → was/were + V3 (not is being)।

3. He was made to doing the work.

Error: to doing → to do → Correction: He was made to do the work.

make causative passive → was made + to + V1 (bare infinitive, not gerund)।

4. The children were laughed by the bullies.

Error: were laughed → were laughed at → Correction: The children were laughed at by the bullies.

Phrasal: laugh at → "at" must stay in passive।

5. By whom this poem was written?

Error: Incorrect Q word order → Correction: By whom was this poem written?

Passive Q → By whom + auxiliary + S + V3?

6. The door is being open by him.

Error: open → opened → Correction: The door is being opened by him.

is + being + V3 (V3 = opened, not base form open)।

7. Let the window opened immediately.

Error: opened → be opened → Correction: Let the window be opened immediately.

Imperative Passive: Let + O + be + V3 ("be" missing)।

8. She was seen to running across the field.

Error: to running → to run → Correction: She was seen to run across the field.

Perception passive (bare V1 → to + V1): "to running" is wrong।

9. The letter has written by the manager.

Error: has written → has been written → Correction: The letter has been written by the manager.

Present Perfect Passive: has/have + been + V3।

10. The match was cancelled from the authority.

Error: from → by → Correction: The match was cancelled by the authority.

Passive Agent = "by" (not "from", "with", "from")।

11. She was seen to crossing the street.

Error: to crossing → crossing / to cross → Correction: She was seen crossing the street. / She was seen to cross the street.

"to crossing" is wrong. Either "crossing" (V-ing) or "to cross" (to + V1)।

12. The criminals were taken care by the welfare agency.

Error: taken care → taken care of → Correction: The criminals were taken care of by the welfare agency.

Phrasal: take care of → "of" must stay in passive।

13. She was given the letter from him.

Error: from → by → Correction: She was given the letter by him.

Passive Agent = "by" (not "from")।

14. He will not be punish by the court.

Error: punish → punished → Correction: He will not be punished by the court.

Future Passive: will + not + be + V3 (punished, not base form)।

15. The problem was dealt by the committee.

Error: dealt → dealt with → Correction: The problem was dealt with by the committee.

Phrasal: deal with → "with" must stay।

16. She is known to being a great scientist.

Error: to being → to be → Correction: She is known to be a great scientist.

Impersonal passive: is known + to be (infinitive, not gerund)।

17. The thief was catched by the police.

Error: catched → caught → Correction: The thief was caught by the police.

"catch" irregular: catch → caught (V3). "catched" is wrong।

18. It was saw that she had entered the room.

Error: was saw → was seen → Correction: It was seen that she had entered the room.

"see" irregular: V3 = "seen" (not "saw" which is V2)।

19. Who was this book writed by?

Error: writed → written → Correction: By whom was this book written?

"write" irregular: V3 = "written" (not "writed"). Also restructure with "By whom"।

20. The award have been given to her.

Error: have → has → Correction: The award has been given to her.

Singular subject (the award) → has (not have)।

21. All rules must obeyed by everyone.

Error: must obeyed → must be obeyed → Correction: All rules must be obeyed by everyone.

Modal Passive: must + be + V3 ("be" is missing)।

22. She was being make to work late.

Error: make → made → Correction: She was being made to work late.

make → was being made (V3 of make = made, not make)।

23. The report was submitted from the team.

Error: from → by → Correction: The report was submitted by the team.

Passive Agent = "by" (not from/with/from)।

24. She had been ran over by a car.

Error: ran over → run over → Correction: She had been run over by a car.

"run" irregular: V3 = "run" (not "ran" which is V2)।

25. It is believed that he committed the crime.

Error: ✔ This is correct! → Correction: It is believed that he committed the crime. ✔

Impersonal passive — correct form।

26. He was made apologize publicly.

Error: made apologize → made to apologize → Correction: He was made to apologize publicly.

Causative passive: was made + to + V1 ("to" must appear)।

27. The book is being read from her.

Error: from → by → Correction: The book is being read by her.

Passive = "by" (never "from")।

28. The song was singed by the choir.

Error: singed → sung → Correction: The song was sung by the choir.

"sing" irregular: V3 = "sung" (not "singed" which is wrong)।

29. She was been selected for the scholarship.

Error: was been → has been / was → Correction: She has been selected for the scholarship. / She was selected for the scholarship.

was + been = wrong combination।

30. The match was being canceled by last-minute rain.

Error: OK but more natural → Correction: The match was cancelled due to last-minute rain. (agent → cause not "by")

When agent = inanimate cause, "due to/because of" more natural than "by"।

12. Master Summary, Tips & Traps

✔ EXAM TIP

TIP 1 — 5 Steps: ① O→S ② Correct "be" ③ V→V3 ④ S→"by"+obj form ⑤ "by phrase" বাদ দাও যদি অপ্রাসঙ্গিক।

TIP 2 — "be" by Tense: Pres=is/am/are; Pres.Cont=being; Pres.Perf=been; Past=was/were; Past.Perf=had been; Fut=will be; Modal=be।

TIP 3 — Pronouns: I→me, we→us, he→him, she→her, they→them, who→whom (and all reverse)।

TIP 4 — Imperative: "V1+O" → "Let+O+be+V3"; Negative: "Let+O+not be+V3"; Please → "You are requested to+V1"।

TIP 5 — Who→By whom: "Who wrote?" → "By whom was...written?" (Inversion!)।

TIP 6 — Phrasal Verbs: Particle/Preposition সাথে থাকে: "looked after"→"was looked after"; "laughed at"→"was laughed at"।

TIP 7 — Make Passive: "make+O+bare V1" Active → "O+was made+to+V1" Passive ("to" appears!)।

TIP 8 — Let Passive: "let+O+V1" → "O+was allowed+to+V1" (let→allowed)।

TIP 9 — Impersonal: "People say" → "It is said that..." / "S+is said to be..."।

TIP 10 — Agent omit: Agent অজানা/অপ্রাসঙ্গিক/সাধারণ হলে "by phrase" বাদ দেওয়া যায়।

TIP 11 — Intransitive: "sleep, die, go, happen, laugh, cry, rise" — Passive হয় না।

TIP 12 — Two Objects: IO→Subject (preferred) বা DO→Subject — দুটোই সঠিক।

✘ TRAP / WARNING

TRAP 1: "was been" → wrong. "has been" বা "was" → correct।

TRAP 2: "by they" → wrong. "by them" → correct।

TRAP 3: "Let the window opened" → wrong. "Let the window be opened" → correct।

TRAP 4: "was laughed by" → wrong. "was laughed at by" → correct।

TRAP 5: "was wrote/singed/catched" → wrong. Use correct V3: written/sung/caught।

TRAP 6: "made him to cry" (active) → "was made to cry" (passive) — "to" appears only in passive।

TRAP 7: "caught from the police" → wrong. "caught by the police" → correct।

TRAP 8: "was ran over" → wrong. "was run over" → correct (V3 of run = run)।

TRAP 9: "must obeyed" → wrong. "must be obeyed" → correct ("be" must appear)।

TRAP 10: "to running" → wrong. Either "to run" (to+V1) or "running" (V-ing)।

Complete Quick Reference — All Tenses

Tense	Active Formula	Passive Formula
Simple Present	S + V1/V1+s/es + O	O + is/am/are + V3 + by S
Present Continuous	S + is/am/are + V-ing + O	O + is/am/are + being + V3 + by S
Present Perfect	S + have/has + V3 + O	O + have/has + been + V3 + by S
Simple Past	S + V2 + O	O + was/were + V3 + by S
Past Continuous	S + was/were + V-ing + O	O + was/were + being + V3 + by S
Past Perfect	S + had + V3 + O	O + had + been + V3 + by S
Simple Future	S + will + V1 + O	O + will + be + V3 + by S
Future Perfect	S + will have + V3 + O	O + will have been + V3 + by S
Modal (can/may/must...)	S + Modal + V1 + O	O + Modal + be + V3 + by S
Imperative (+)	V1 + O	Let + O + be + V3
Imperative (−)	Don't + V1 + O	Let + O + not be + V3
Who Question	Who + V + O?	By whom + aux + S + V3?
Whom Question	Whom + did + S + V?	Who + was/were + V3 + by S?
Impersonal	People say that...	It is said that... / S + is said to be...

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অসহযোগ আন্দোলন (মার্চ ১৯৭১)

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