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CHAPTER

Transformation of Sentences

বাক্য পরিবর্তন / রূপান্তর — সম্পূর্ণ নির্দেশিকা

1. Introduction — সংজ্ঞা ও পরিচিতি

Transformation of Sentences বলতে বোঝায় একটি বাক্যকে তার অর্থ অপরিবর্তিত রেখে ভিন্ন ধরনের বাক্যে রূপান্তরিত করা। এই অধ্যায়টি BCS, Bank Job, NTRCA ও University Admission পরীক্ষায় অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।

FORMULA / STRUCTURE

Definition: অর্থের পরিবর্তন না করে একটি বাক্যকে ভিন্ন আকারে রূপান্তর করার প্রক্রিয়াকে Transformation of Sentences বলে।

Golden Rule: রূপান্তরের পরে মূল অর্থ সম্পূর্ণ অক্ষুণ্ণ থাকতে হবে।

Transformation Type	কী পরিবর্তন হয়	Key Tools
Simple ↔ Complex ↔ Compound	বাক্যের Structure পরিবর্তন	Conjunctions, Participles, Clauses
Affirmative ↔ Negative	Positive/Negative রূপ	Antonym, None but, Cannot but
Active ↔ Passive Voice	Subject-Object ভূমিকা পরিবর্তন	be + V3, by
Direct ↔ Indirect Speech	কথা বলার ধরন পরিবর্তন	Backshift, Conjunctions
Positive ↔ Comparative ↔ Superlative	Degree পরিবর্তন	No other, the + est, than any other
Assertive ↔ Interrogative	Statement ↔ Question	Auxiliary inversion
Assertive ↔ Exclamatory	Statement ↔ Exclamation	What a/How
Assertive ↔ Imperative	Statement ↔ Command	Remove Subject + should
Conditional Transformation	If-clause ব্যবহার ও পরিবর্তন	Were/Had Inversion, Unless
Other Transformations	Too…to, Lest, So…that, Wish	Multiple structures

2. Simple ↔ Complex ↔ Compound Sentences

FORMULA / STRUCTURE

Simple: একটি Subject + Predicate — কোনো Subordinate Clause নেই।

Complex: একটি Main Clause + Subordinate Clause (that, which, who, when, because, if, although, since, as, until...)।

Compound: দুটি বা ততোধিক Independent Clause — Coordinating Conjunction দিয়ে যুক্ত (and, but, or, so, yet, for, nor)।

2.1 Simple → Complex

Pattern	Simple	Complex
Participle → when/as/because	Seeing the police, he ran away.	When he saw the police, he ran away.
Infinitive → so that/in order that	He works hard to succeed.	He works hard so that he can succeed.
In spite of/Despite → Although	Despite being tired, she continued.	Although she was tired, she continued.
Noun phrase → noun clause	The news of his death shocked us.	The news that he had died shocked us.
Too...to → so...that (cannot)	He is too weak to walk.	He is so weak that he cannot walk.
Adjective → who/which/that	I met an honest man.	I met a man who was honest.
On + V-ing → As soon as	On seeing me, she smiled.	As soon as she saw me, she smiled.
For fear of → lest	He ran fast for fear of missing the bus.	He ran fast lest he should miss the bus.
Without → unless/if not	Without working hard, you cannot succeed.	Unless you work hard, you cannot succeed.
By + V-ing → if/by means of	By working hard, she topped the class.	She topped the class because she worked hard.

1. [Simple → Complex [Participle]]

Original: Being a good leader, he inspired everyone.

Transformed: Because he was a good leader, he inspired everyone.

ব্যাখ্যা: Being + Adj → Because + Subject + was + Adj।

2. [Simple → Complex [Too…to]]

Original: She is too proud to apologize.

Transformed: She is so proud that she will not apologize.

ব্যাখ্যা: Too + adj + to → So + adj + that + will not।

3. [Simple → Complex [Infinitive]]

Original: He left early to catch the first train.

Transformed: He left early so that he could catch the first train.

ব্যাখ্যা: To + V1 → so that + Subject + could + V1।

4. [Simple → Complex [Adj → who]]

Original: She is a woman who is respected by all.

Transformed: She is a universally respected woman. (reverse also works)

ব্যাখ্যা: Relative clause → Participial adjective।

5. [Simple → Complex [Despite]]

Original: Despite failing three times, he never gave up.

Transformed: Although he failed three times, he never gave up.

ব্যাখ্যা: Despite + V-ing → Although + Subject + V2।

6. [Simple → Complex [On + V-ing]]

Original: On reaching home, she found a surprise.

Transformed: When she reached home, she found a surprise.

ব্যাখ্যা: On + V-ing → When + Subject + V2।

7. [Simple → Complex [Noun → clause]]

Original: I know the way to succeed.

Transformed: I know how one can succeed.

ব্যাখ্যা: Noun phrase → Noun clause (how/where/what)।

8. [Simple → Complex [Without]]

Original: Without your help, I cannot finish the work.

Transformed: Unless you help me, I cannot finish the work.

ব্যাখ্যা: Without → Unless / If...not।

2.2 Complex → Simple

Pattern	Complex	Simple
when → On + V-ing	When he saw the tiger, he ran.	On seeing the tiger, he ran.
although → Despite/In spite of	Although she tried hard, she failed.	Despite trying hard, she failed.
so that → Infinitive (to + V1)	He studies hard so that he can pass.	He studies hard to pass.
so...that → too...to	He is so tired that he cannot work.	He is too tired to work.
who/which + V → Adjective	He is a man who is brave.	He is a brave man.
because → Being / Due to	Because he was ill, he stayed home.	Being ill, he stayed home.
if → Without	If you had not helped, I would have failed.	Without your help, I would have failed.
who/which → Participial phrase	The bird that was singing flew away.	The singing bird flew away.

9. [Complex → Simple [although]]

Original: Although he was rich, he was not happy.

Transformed: Despite his wealth, he was not happy.

ব্যাখ্যা: Although + S + V → Despite + Noun।

10. [Complex → Simple [who]]

Original: The girl who won the prize was my sister.

Transformed: The prize-winning girl was my sister.

ব্যাখ্যা: who + V → compound adjective।

11. [Complex → Simple [so...that]]

Original: He is so lazy that he cannot succeed.

Transformed: He is too lazy to succeed.

ব্যাখ্যা: so...that + cannot → too...to।

12. [Complex → Simple [because]]

Original: Because the weather was bad, we cancelled the trip.

Transformed: Due to bad weather, we cancelled the trip.

ব্যাখ্যা: Because + S + V → Due to + Noun।

13. [Complex → Simple [when]]

Original: When she saw the accident, she called the police.

Transformed: Seeing the accident, she called the police.

ব্যাখ্যা: When + S + V → V-ing (Participial phrase)।

14. [Complex → Simple [if...not]]

Original: If you do not work hard, you will fail.

Transformed: Without hard work, you will fail.

ব্যাখ্যা: If...not → Without + Noun।

15. [Complex → Simple [so that]]

Original: She saved money so that she could buy a house.

Transformed: She saved money to buy a house.

ব্যাখ্যা: so that + could → to + V1 (infinitive of purpose)।

2.3 Simple → Compound

Method	Simple	Compound
Using "and"	He came and greeted everyone.	He came and he greeted everyone.
Using "but"	Despite trying, she failed.	She tried but she failed.
Using "so"	Being tired, he went to bed early.	He was tired, so he went to bed early.
Using "or"	Work hard or fail.	Work hard or you will fail.
Using "yet"	In spite of his injury, he played well.	He was injured, yet he played well.
Using "for"	Being a child, he cannot understand.	He cannot understand, for he is a child.

16. [Simple → Compound [but]]

Original: In spite of his best efforts, he lost the match.

Transformed: He made his best efforts, but he lost the match.

ব্যাখ্যা: In spite of → but।

17. [Simple → Compound [so]]

Original: Tired after a long journey, she slept immediately.

Transformed: She was tired after a long journey, so she slept immediately.

ব্যাখ্যা: Participial phrase → S + was + Adj, so + result।

18. [Simple → Compound [yet]]

Original: Despite the heavy rain, the match continued.

Transformed: It rained heavily, yet the match continued.

ব্যাখ্যা: Despite → yet।

19. [Simple → Compound [for]]

Original: Being the eldest, he had to take responsibility.

Transformed: He had to take responsibility, for he was the eldest.

ব্যাখ্যা: Being + Adj → for + S + was + Adj।

2.4 Compound → Complex

Conjunction	Compound	Complex
and → when/as soon as	She came and the party started.	As soon as she came, the party started.
but → although/though	He tried hard but failed.	Although he tried hard, he failed.
so → because/since	It was raining so we stayed.	Because it was raining, we stayed.
or → if not/unless	Study or you will fail.	Unless you study, you will fail.
and → who/which/that	He met a girl and she was brilliant.	He met a girl who was brilliant.
yet → although	He is old, yet he works hard.	Although he is old, he works hard.
for → because/since	He failed, for he did not study.	He failed because he did not study.
and → after/when	She opened the letter and burst into tears.	After she opened the letter, she burst into tears.

20. [Compound → Complex [but → although]]

Original: He studied hard but could not pass.

Transformed: Although he studied hard, he could not pass.

ব্যাখ্যা: but → although।

21. [Compound → Complex [or → unless]]

Original: Run fast or you will miss the bus.

Transformed: Unless you run fast, you will miss the bus.

ব্যাখ্যা: or (negative condition) → unless।

22. [Compound → Complex [so → because]]

Original: She was hungry, so she went to the canteen.

Transformed: She went to the canteen because she was hungry.

ব্যাখ্যা: so (result) → because (reason clause)।

23. [Compound → Complex [and → who]]

Original: I saw a man and he was carrying a heavy load.

Transformed: I saw a man who was carrying a heavy load.

ব্যাখ্যা: and + pronoun → who/which (relative clause)।

24. [Compound → Complex [and → after]]

Original: He finished his work and then went home.

Transformed: After he finished his work, he went home.

ব্যাখ্যা: and → after + clause।

25. [Compound → Complex [yet → although]]

Original: She is poor, yet she is honest.

Transformed: Although she is poor, she is honest.

ব্যাখ্যা: yet → although/even though।

3. Affirmative ↔ Negative Transformation

অর্থ পরিবর্তন না করে Affirmative বাক্যকে Negative-এ এবং Negative বাক্যকে Affirmative-এ রূপান্তর করার বিভিন্ন পদ্ধতি।

FORMULA / STRUCTURE

Core Rule: অর্থ একই রেখে শুধু বাক্যের গঠন পরিবর্তন।

Key Methods: (1) Antonym (2) None but (3) Double negative (4) Every→No (5) Too→Cannot (6) Must→Cannot but (7) As soon as→No sooner

3.1 Only → None but / No one but / Nobody but

Type	Original Sentence	Transformed Sentence
A→N	Only he can do it.	None but he can do it.
A→N	Only a fool would believe this.	None but a fool would believe this.
A→N	Only God knows the future.	None but God knows the future.
A→N	Only this medicine can cure him.	Nothing but this medicine can cure him.
N→A	None but a brave man dies once.	Only a brave man dies once.

3.2 Antonym Method — Opposite Word

Type	Original Sentence	Transformed Sentence
A→N	He is honest.	He is not dishonest.
A→N	She was present.	She was not absent.
A→N	He remembered her name.	He did not forget her name.
A→N	The news is true.	The news is not false.
A→N	This is possible.	This is not impossible.
A→N	He always tells the truth.	He never tells a lie.
A→N	She is punctual.	She is never late.
N→A	He is not unkind.	He is kind.
N→A	She never fails.	She always succeeds.
N→A	It is not uncommon.	It is common.

3.3 Every / All → No / None

Type	Original Sentence	Transformed Sentence
A→N	All men must die.	No man is immortal.
A→N	Everyone knows this fact.	There is nobody who does not know this fact.
A→N	Every mother loves her child.	There is no mother who does not love her child.
A→N	All that glitters is not gold.	That which glitters may not be gold.
N→A	No student was absent.	All students were present.
N→A	Nobody is perfect.	Everyone has some flaws.

3.4 Too...to → So...that (cannot)

Type	Original Sentence	Transformed Sentence
A→N	He is too weak to fight.	He is so weak that he cannot fight.
A→N	She is too proud to beg.	She is so proud that she will not beg.
A→N	The load is too heavy to lift.	The load is so heavy that it cannot be lifted.
A→N	He is too old to run.	He is so old that he cannot run.
N→A	He is not old enough to vote.	He is too young to vote.
N→A	She is not strong enough to carry it.	She is too weak to carry it.

3.5 As soon as → No sooner...than

Type	Original Sentence	Transformed Sentence
A→N	As soon as she arrived, the drama began.	No sooner had she arrived than the drama began.
A→N	As soon as the bell rang, students left.	No sooner had the bell rung than students left.
A→N	As soon as I opened the door, it started raining.	No sooner had I opened the door than it started raining.
A→N	As soon as the doctor came, the patient recovered.	No sooner had the doctor come than the patient recovered.
N→A	No sooner had he entered than the lights went out.	As soon as he entered, the lights went out.

3.6 Must → Cannot but / Cannot help

Type	Original Sentence	Transformed Sentence
A→N	I must admit he was right.	I cannot but admit he was right.
A→N	She must laugh at his jokes.	She cannot help laughing at his jokes.
A→N	We must respect our elders.	We cannot but respect our elders.
A→N	You must feel sorry for him.	You cannot help feeling sorry for him.
N→A	I cannot but admire her courage.	I must admire her courage.
N→A	He cannot help complaining.	He must complain / He always complains.

3.7 More Affirmative ↔ Negative Patterns

Type	Original Sentence	Transformed Sentence
A→N	Both of them attended the meeting.	Neither of them was absent from the meeting.
A→N	He is the best student.	No other student is as good as he.
A→N	She often visits the library.	She is no stranger to the library.
A→N	I am sure he is innocent.	I have no doubt that he is innocent.
A→N	He completely understands the problem.	He has no difficulty understanding the problem.
N→A	Nothing is impossible.	Everything is possible.
N→A	There is no smoke without fire.	Where there is smoke, there is fire.
N→A	He is not without talent.	He has some talent.
A→N	He was the last person to leave.	No one left after him.
N→A	Man is not the only animal that uses tools.	Other animals also use tools.

Solved Examples — Affirmative ↔ Negative:

26. [A→N [Only → None but]]

Original: Only an expert can solve this problem.

Transformed: None but an expert can solve this problem.

ব্যাখ্যা: "Only" → "None but" — meaning same।

27. [N→A [Cannot but → Must]]

Original: She cannot but feel proud of her children.

Transformed: She must feel proud of her children.

ব্যাখ্যা: Cannot but = must — অবশ্যই করতে হবে।

28. [A→N [Every → There is no...who not]]

Original: Every student in the class passed.

Transformed: There is no student in the class who did not pass.

ব্যাখ্যা: "Every" + Affirmative → "There is no" + "who did not"।

29. [A→N [Both → Neither]]

Original: Both the plans are acceptable.

Transformed: Neither plan is unacceptable.

ব্যাখ্যা: Both + affirmative → Neither + negative। Antonym: acceptable → unacceptable।

30. [A→N [Always → Never]]

Original: She always keeps her promise.

Transformed: She never breaks her promise.

ব্যাখ্যা: always + positive verb → never + opposite verb।

31. [A→N [Must → Cannot help]]

Original: She must smile when she sees babies.

Transformed: She cannot help smiling when she sees babies.

ব্যাখ্যা: must + V1 → cannot help + V-ing।

32. [N→A [Nothing is impossible]]

Original: Nothing is impossible for a determined person.

Transformed: Everything is possible for a determined person.

ব্যাখ্যা: Nothing is impossible → Everything is possible।

33. [A→N [As soon as → No sooner]]

Original: As soon as the match ended, the crowd cheered.

Transformed: No sooner had the match ended than the crowd cheered.

ব্যাখ্যা: As soon as → No sooner had + V3 + than।

4. Active ↔ Passive Voice

FORMULA / STRUCTURE

Active: Subject কাজ করে — Subject + Verb + Object

Passive: Object কাজ পায় — Object + be + V3 + by + Subject

Formula: Object → Subject + am/is/are/was/were/be/been/being + V3 + (by + Agent)

4.1 Passive by Tense — Complete Chart

Tense	Active	Passive
Simple Present	He writes a letter.	A letter is written by him.
Present Continuous	She is writing a letter.	A letter is being written by her.
Present Perfect	He has written the letter.	The letter has been written by him.
Simple Past	She wrote the letter.	The letter was written by her.
Past Continuous	He was writing the letter.	The letter was being written by him.
Past Perfect	She had written the letter.	The letter had been written by her.
Simple Future	He will write the letter.	The letter will be written by him.
Future Perfect	She will have written the letter.	The letter will have been written by her.
Modal (can/may/must)	He can write the letter.	The letter can be written by him.
Infinitive (to + V1)	She wants to write the letter.	She wants the letter to be written.

4.2 Pronoun Change Chart

Subject (Active)	Object (Active)	New Subject (Passive)
I	me	I (passive subject)
we	us	we
you	you	you
he	him	he
she	her	she
they	them	they
it	it	it

4.3 Special Passive Rules

★ NOTE

1. Intransitive verbs: "go, come, sleep, die, laugh" — No passive (no object)।

2. "by" omission: Subject অজানা বা স্পষ্ট হলে "by phrase" বাদ দেওয়া যায়।

3. Two objects: Indirect Object → Subject বেশি প্রচলিত: He gave me a book → I was given a book।

4. Let Passive: Let + Object + be + V3: Let the work be done.

5. Question Passive: Who → By whom (Wh-Q): Who broke it? → By whom was it broken?

6. Imperative Passive: V1 + Object → Let + Object + be + V3: Open the door → Let the door be opened.

Active → Passive (All Tenses) — Solved Examples:

34. [Active→Passive [Sim. Present]]

Original: She reads the newspaper every morning.

Transformed: The newspaper is read by her every morning.

ব্যাখ্যা: reads → is + read; she → her।

35. [Active→Passive [Pres. Continuous]]

Original: The team is building a new stadium.

Transformed: A new stadium is being built by the team.

ব্যাখ্যা: is + V-ing → is + being + V3।

36. [Active→Passive [Pres. Perfect]]

Original: Scientists have discovered a new planet.

Transformed: A new planet has been discovered by scientists.

ব্যাখ্যা: have + V3 → has/have + been + V3।

37. [Active→Passive [Sim. Past]]

Original: The police arrested the criminal.

Transformed: The criminal was arrested by the police.

ব্যাখ্যা: arrested (V2) → was + arrested (V3)।

38. [Active→Passive [Past Continuous]]

Original: Workers were repairing the road.

Transformed: The road was being repaired by workers.

ব্যাখ্যা: were + V-ing → was + being + V3।

39. [Active→Passive [Past Perfect]]

Original: He had submitted the report before the deadline.

Transformed: The report had been submitted by him before the deadline.

ব্যাখ্যা: had + V3 → had + been + V3।

40. [Active→Passive [Simple Future]]

Original: The president will inaugurate the bridge.

Transformed: The bridge will be inaugurated by the president.

ব্যাখ্যা: will + V1 → will + be + V3।

41. [Active→Passive [Modal]]

Original: The doctor must examine the patient.

Transformed: The patient must be examined by the doctor.

ব্যাখ্যা: must + V1 → must + be + V3।

42. [Active→Passive [Question]]

Original: Who taught you English?

Transformed: By whom were you taught English?

ব্যাখ্যা: Who → By whom; taught → were taught।

43. [Active→Passive [Imperative]]

Original: Clean the room immediately.

Transformed: Let the room be cleaned immediately.

ব্যাখ্যা: V1 (imperative) → Let + Object + be + V3।

44. [Active→Passive [Two Objects]]

Original: The principal awarded the students prizes.

Transformed: The students were awarded prizes by the principal. OR Prizes were awarded to the students by the principal.

ব্যাখ্যা: Indirect object (students) → New subject।

45. [Passive→Active]

Original: The new policy was announced by the government.

Transformed: The government announced the new policy.

ব্যাখ্যা: was + V3 → V2; by Agent → new Subject।

46. [Passive→Active]

Original: A cure for cancer has not yet been found.

Transformed: Scientists have not yet found a cure for cancer.

ব্যাখ্যা: has + been + V3 → have + V3; passive agent became subject।

5. Direct ↔ Indirect Speech — প্রত্যক্ষ ও পরোক্ষ উক্তি

FORMULA / STRUCTURE

Direct Speech: বক্তার হুবহু কথা inverted comma ("...") দিয়ে লেখা হয়।

Indirect Speech: বক্তার কথা নিজের ভাষায় বলা — inverted comma ছাড়া, conjunction ব্যবহার করে।

Reporting verb পরিবর্তন (2) Conjunction যোগ (3) Backshift (4) Pronoun change (5) Time/Place change

5.1 Tense Backshift Table

Direct Tense	→	Indirect Tense	Example
Simple Present	→	Simple Past	"I am happy." → He said he was happy.
Present Continuous	→	Past Continuous	"She is dancing." → He said she was dancing.
Present Perfect	→	Past Perfect	"I have finished." → She said she had finished.
Present Perfect Continuous	→	Past Perfect Continuous	"I have been waiting." → She said she had been waiting.
Simple Past	→	Past Perfect	"He came." → She said he had come.
Past Continuous	→	Past Perfect Continuous	"It was raining." → He said it had been raining.
will	→	would	"I will help." → He said he would help.
would	→	would (no change)	"I would come." → She said she would come.
can	→	could	"I can swim." → She said she could swim.
may	→	might	"It may rain." → He said it might rain.
shall	→	should	"I shall do it." → He said he should do it.
must (obligation)	→	had to	"You must go." → She told him he had to go.

5.2 Time & Place Expression Change

Direct	→	Indirect
now	→	then
today	→	that day
yesterday	→	the previous day / the day before
tomorrow	→	the next day / the following day
last week/month/year	→	the previous week/month/year
next week/month/year	→	the following week/month/year
here	→	there
this	→	that
these	→	those
ago	→	before
tonight	→	that night
last night	→	the previous night

5.3 Statement → Indirect (Assertive Sentences)

47. [Direct→Indirect [Statement]]

Original: "I am preparing for the BCS exam," he said.

Transformed: He said that he was preparing for the BCS exam.

ব্যাখ্যা: am → was (backshift); I → he।

48. [Direct→Indirect [Statement]]

Original: "We have completed the project," they said.

Transformed: They said that they had completed the project.

ব্যাখ্যা: have completed → had completed; We → They।

49. [Direct→Indirect [Statement]]

Original: "The sun will rise tomorrow," she said.

Transformed: She said that the sun would rise the next day.

ব্যাখ্যা: will → would; tomorrow → the next day।

50. [Direct→Indirect [Universal truth]]

Original: "The earth moves around the sun," the teacher said.

Transformed: The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.

ব্যাখ্যা: Universal truth → no backshift; Present stays Present।

51. [Direct→Indirect [Statement]]

Original: "I met her two years ago," he told me.

Transformed: He told me that he had met her two years before.

ব্যাখ্যা: met → had met (backshift); ago → before।

52. [Indirect→Direct]

Original: She said that she was feeling lonely.

Transformed: She said, "I am feeling lonely."

ব্যাখ্যা: Reverse backshift: was feeling → am feeling; she → I।

5.4 Question → Indirect

FORMULA / STRUCTURE

Yes/No Q: asked/wanted to know + if/whether + Subject + Verb (assertive order)

Wh- Q: asked + Wh-word + Subject + Verb (no inversion — assertive order)

✘ Wrong: He asked where was she going.

✔ Correct: He asked where she was going.

53. [Direct→Indirect [Yes/No Q]]

Original: "Are you satisfied with the results?" the boss asked them.

Transformed: The boss asked them if/whether they were satisfied with the results.

ব্যাখ্যা: Yes/No Q → asked + if/whether; Are → were; you → they।

54. [Direct→Indirect [Yes/No Q]]

Original: "Did you finish your homework?" the teacher asked.

Transformed: The teacher asked if/whether I/he/she had finished my/his/her homework.

ব্যাখ্যা: Did + V1 → had + V3 (backshift)।

55. [Direct→Indirect [Wh-Q]]

Original: "Where do you live?" she asked him.

Transformed: She asked him where he lived.

ব্যাখ্যা: where + do → where + S + V (no inversion); do live → lived।

56. [Direct→Indirect [Wh-Q]]

Original: "Why have you come here?" he asked her.

Transformed: He asked her why she had come there.

ব্যাখ্যা: why + have → why + S + had; here → there।

57. [Direct→Indirect [Wh-Q]]

Original: "What time will the train leave?" she asked.

Transformed: She asked what time the train would leave.

ব্যাখ্যা: will → would; no inversion after "what time"।

58. [Direct→Indirect [Wh-Q]]

Original: "How long have you been waiting?" he asked me.

Transformed: He asked me how long I had been waiting.

ব্যাখ্যা: have been → had been (backshift); no inversion।

59. [Indirect→Direct]

Original: She asked him why he had not attended the meeting.

Transformed: She said to him, "Why did you not attend the meeting?"

ব্যাখ্যা: Reverse backshift: had not attended → did not attend।

5.5 Command & Request → Indirect

FORMULA / STRUCTURE

Command (+): told/ordered/commanded + Object + to + V1

Command (−): told/ordered + Object + not to + V1

Request: requested/asked/begged + Object + to + V1

Advice: advised + Object + to + V1

60. [Direct→Indirect [Command +]]

Original: "Stand up immediately!" the officer said to the soldiers.

Transformed: The officer ordered the soldiers to stand up immediately.

ব্যাখ্যা: Positive command → ordered/told + Object + to + V1।

61. [Direct→Indirect [Command −]]

Original: "Don't make any noise," she said to them.

Transformed: She told them not to make any noise.

ব্যাখ্যা: Negative command → told + Object + not to + V1।

62. [Direct→Indirect [Request]]

Original: "Please lend me your pen," he said to her.

Transformed: He requested her to lend him her pen.

ব্যাখ্যা: Request → requested + Object + to + V1; please removed।

63. [Direct→Indirect [Advice]]

Original: "You should take more rest," the doctor said to him.

Transformed: The doctor advised him to take more rest.

ব্যাখ্যা: Advice → advised + Object + to + V1।

64. [Direct→Indirect [Suggestion]]

Original: "Let's go to the cinema," she said.

Transformed: She suggested going to the cinema / She proposed that they should go to the cinema.

ব্যাখ্যা: Let's → suggested + V-ing OR proposed that + should।

5.6 Exclamatory → Indirect

FORMULA / STRUCTURE

What a/an + Adj + Noun → exclaimed that + it was + a very + Adj + Noun

How + Adj/Adv → exclaimed that + S + was + very + Adj

Expression of wish: Oh! / Alas! → exclaimed with sorrow; Hurrah! → exclaimed with joy

65. [Direct→Indirect [Exclamatory]]

Original: "What a wonderful performance!" she exclaimed.

Transformed: She exclaimed that it was a very wonderful performance.

ব্যাখ্যা: What a + Adj + Noun → exclaimed that + very + Adj + Noun।

66. [Direct→Indirect [Exclamatory]]

Original: "How cruel the world is!" he said.

Transformed: He exclaimed that the world was very cruel.

ব্যাখ্যা: How + Adj → exclaimed that + was + very + Adj।

67. [Direct→Indirect [Wish]]

Original: "Would that I were young again!" he said.

Transformed: He wished he were young again.

ব্যাখ্যা: Would that → wished; unreal condition preserved।

68. [Direct→Indirect [Sorrow]]

Original: "Alas! I have lost all my money," she said.

Transformed: She exclaimed with sorrow that she had lost all her money.

ব্যাখ্যা: Alas → exclaimed with sorrow; have → had।

69. [Direct→Indirect [Joy]]

Original: "Hurrah! Our team has won!" they shouted.

Transformed: They exclaimed with joy that their team had won.

ব্যাখ্যা: Hurrah → exclaimed with joy; has won → had won।

6. Positive ↔ Comparative ↔ Superlative

FORMULA / STRUCTURE

Positive: as + Adj + as (same degree) / No other...as...as

Comparative: adj+er + than / more + adj + than / adj+er + than any other

Superlative: the + adj+est / the most + adj

Key: তিনটি degree একই অর্থ — শুধু structure ভিন্ন।

6.1 Three-Way Conversion Patterns

Superlative	Comparative	Positive
She is the tallest girl in the class.	She is taller than any other girl in the class.	No other girl in the class is as tall as she.
Dhaka is the biggest city in Bangladesh.	Dhaka is bigger than any other city in Bangladesh.	No other city in Bangladesh is as big as Dhaka.
Iron is the most useful metal.	Iron is more useful than any other metal.	No other metal is as useful as iron.
He is one of the best students.	He is better than most other students.	Very few students are as good as he.
The Amazon is the longest river in the world.	The Amazon is longer than any other river in the world.	No other river in the world is as long as the Amazon.
Mt. Everest is the highest peak.	Mt. Everest is higher than any other peak.	No other peak is as high as Mt. Everest.
Gold is the most precious metal.	Gold is more precious than any other metal.	No other metal is as precious as gold.

70. [Superlative → Comparative]

Original: Shakespeare is the greatest playwright in English literature.

Transformed: Shakespeare is greater than any other playwright in English literature.

ব্যাখ্যা: the greatest → greater than any other + singular noun।

71. [Superlative → Positive]

Original: Cox's Bazar is the longest sea beach in the world.

Transformed: No other sea beach in the world is as long as Cox's Bazar.

ব্যাখ্যা: the longest → No other + singular noun + is as + adj + as।

72. [Comparative → Superlative]

Original: He is more intelligent than any other student in the school.

Transformed: He is the most intelligent student in the school.

ব্যাখ্যা: more...than any other → the most।

73. [Positive → Comparative]

Original: No other city in Bangladesh is as old as Rajshahi.

Transformed: Rajshahi is older than any other city in Bangladesh.

ব্যাখ্যা: No other...as + adj + as → adj+er + than any other।

74. [Positive → Superlative]

Original: No other metal conducts electricity as well as copper.

Transformed: Copper conducts electricity the best among all metals.

ব্যাখ্যা: No other...as + adj + as → the + adj+est।

75. [Comparative → Positive]

Original: She is wiser than any other judge in the country.

Transformed: No other judge in the country is as wise as she.

ব্যাখ্যা: adj+er + than any other → No other + noun + is as + adj + as।

76. [Superlative [one of the...]]

Original: She is one of the most talented musicians in the world.

Transformed: Very few musicians in the world are as talented as she.

ব্যাখ্যা: one of the most → Very few...as + adj + as।

77. [Degree [prefer...to]]

Original: I prefer reading to watching TV.

Transformed: I like reading more than watching TV.

ব্যাখ্যা: prefer...to → like...more than।

6.2 Special & Tricky Cases

Expression	Conversion Rule	Example
"one of the + Superlative"	Very few + Noun + as + adj + as	She is one of the best → Very few are as good as she.
"as...as possible"	As + adj + as + Subject + can	He ran as fast as possible → He ran as fast as he could.
"The more...the more"	Parallel comparative stays	The more you read, the wiser you become. (no conversion)
"prefer...to"	Uses "to" not "than"	I prefer tea to coffee. (NOT: prefer tea than coffee)
"senior/junior/superior/inferior to"	Always "to", never "than"	He is senior to me. (NOT: senior than me)
"elder" vs "older"	Elder: family members only; Older: general comparison	My elder brother / He is older than I am.

✘ TRAP / WARNING

TRAP 1: "Senior, junior, superior, inferior, prior, anterior" — "to" ব্যবহার, "than" নয়।

✘ He is senior than me. ✔ He is senior to me.

TRAP 2: "Prefer" এর পরে "to" — "than" নয়।

✘ She prefers coffee than tea. ✔ She prefers coffee to tea.

TRAP 3: "No other + Singular Noun" (Plural নয়): "No other cities" ভুল, "No other city" সঠিক।

TRAP 4: "Very few" + Plural Noun; "No other" + Singular Noun।

7. Assertive ↔ Interrogative ↔ Exclamatory

7.1 Assertive → Interrogative (Rhetorical)

FORMULA / STRUCTURE

Positive Assertive → Negative Interrogative.

Negative Assertive → Positive Interrogative.

Nobody/Nothing → Who/What; Everyone/Everything → Who/What + not

Type	Original Sentence	Transformed Sentence
A→Q	She is a brilliant student.	Is she not a brilliant student?
A→Q	He can solve this problem.	Can he not solve this problem?
A→Q	Nobody can deny this truth.	Who can deny this truth?
A→Q	Nothing is more precious than time.	What is more precious than time?
A→Q	Everyone must obey the law.	Who must not obey the law?
A→Q	It is foolish to waste time.	Is it not foolish to waste time?
Q→A	Who does not love his country?	Everyone loves his country.
Q→A	What can be sweeter than honey?	Nothing can be sweeter than honey.
Q→A	Is there any man who is immortal?	No man is immortal. / There is no immortal man.
Q→A	Can anyone escape death?	Nobody can escape death.

78. [Assertive → Interrogative]

Original: She is the best teacher I have ever had.

Transformed: Is she not the best teacher I have ever had?

ব্যাখ্যা: Positive → Negative interrogative।

79. [Assertive → Interrogative]

Original: Nobody can match her skill.

Transformed: Who can match her skill?

ব্যাখ্যা: Nobody → Who।

80. [Interrogative → Assertive]

Original: Who does not want to be happy?

Transformed: Everyone wants to be happy.

ব্যাখ্যা: Who does not → Everyone does।

7.2 Assertive ↔ Exclamatory

FORMULA / STRUCTURE

Assert → Excl: What a/an + Adj + Noun + Subject + V! (countable) | What + Noun + S + V! (uncountable) | How + Adj/Adv + S + V!

Excl → Assert: "What a/an" or "How" remove করো; very + Adj/Adv যোগ করো।

Type	Original Sentence	Transformed Sentence
A→E	It is a very beautiful day.	What a beautiful day it is!
A→E	She is very kind.	How kind she is!
A→E	He is a very brave soldier.	What a brave soldier he is!
A→E	The sunset was very glorious.	How glorious the sunset was!
A→E	It was a great misfortune.	What a great misfortune it was!
A→E	The music is very sweet.	How sweet the music is!
E→A	What a pity it is!	It is a great pity.
E→A	How gracefully she dances!	She dances very gracefully.
E→A	What a fool he is!	He is a great fool. / He is very foolish.
E→A	What a narrow escape that was!	It was a very narrow escape.

81. [Assert → Exclamatory]

Original: It was a very unfortunate accident.

Transformed: What an unfortunate accident it was!

ব্যাখ্যা: very + Adj + Noun → What a/an + Adj + Noun!

82. [Exclamatory → Assert]

Original: What magnificent scenery it is!

Transformed: It is very magnificent scenery.

ব্যাখ্যা: What + Noun (uncountable) → It is + very + Adj + Noun।

7.3 Assertive ↔ Imperative

Type	Original Sentence	Transformed Sentence
A→Imp	You should study regularly.	Study regularly.
A→Imp	You should not smoke.	Do not smoke.
A→Imp	You ought to be honest.	Be honest.
A→Imp	It is necessary that you submit the form.	Submit the form.
Imp→A	Keep quiet in the library.	You should keep quiet in the library.
Imp→A	Never tell a lie.	You should never tell a lie.
Imp→A	Always respect your teachers.	You should always respect your teachers.

8. Conditional Sentence Transformation

FORMULA / STRUCTURE

4 Types: Zero (general truth), Type 1 (real/possible), Type 2 (hypothetical), Type 3 (impossible past)

Inversion Method: "if" সরিয়ে Auxiliary verb সামনে আনো।

8.1 "If" → Inversion (Without "if")

Type	Original Sentence	Transformed Sentence
If→Were	If I were the president, I would reform education.	Were I the president, I would reform education.
If→Had	If he had been there, he would have stopped the fight.	Had he been there, he would have stopped the fight.
If→Should	If you should need any help, call me.	Should you need any help, call me.
If→Unless	If you don't pay taxes, you will be fined.	Unless you pay taxes, you will be fined.
If→Provided	If you work hard, you will succeed.	Provided (that) you work hard, you will succeed.
If→Without	If there were no trees, we would have no oxygen.	Without trees, we would have no oxygen.
If→On condition	You can borrow it if you return it by tomorrow.	You can borrow it on condition that you return it by tomorrow.
If→In case	Take an umbrella if it rains.	Take an umbrella in case it rains.
If→But for	If it were not for your help, I would fail.	But for your help, I would fail.
If→Otherwise	Work hard or you will fail.	Work hard; otherwise, you will fail.

83. [If → Inversion [Were]]

Original: If I were in your position, I would accept the offer.

Transformed: Were I in your position, I would accept the offer.

ব্যাখ্যা: If I were → Were I (inversion: auxiliary moves to front)।

84. [If → Inversion [Had]]

Original: If she had practiced more, she would have won the award.

Transformed: Had she practiced more, she would have won the award.

ব্যাখ্যা: If + had → Had + Subject (inversion)।

85. [If → Unless]

Original: If you don't hurry, you will be late.

Transformed: Unless you hurry, you will be late.

ব্যাখ্যা: If + not → Unless (do not add extra "not")।

86. [If → But for]

Original: If it were not for his support, the project would fail.

Transformed: But for his support, the project would fail.

ব্যাখ্যা: If it were not for → But for।

87. [If → Without]

Original: If there were no rain, crops would not grow.

Transformed: Without rain, crops would not grow.

ব্যাখ্যা: If there were no → Without + Noun।

8.2 Conditional Type Conversions

Type	Original Sentence	Transformed Sentence
Type1→Type2	If it rains, we will cancel the trip.	If it rained, we would cancel the trip.
Type1→Type3	If she studies hard, she will pass.	If she had studied hard, she would have passed.
Type2→Type3	If I had money, I would help the poor.	If I had had money, I would have helped the poor.
Type3→Type2	If she had been here, she would have helped.	If she were here, she would help.
Zero→Type1	When you heat ice, it melts.	If you heat ice, it will melt.

88. [Type 2 → Type 3]

Original: If she were more careful, she would not make mistakes.

Transformed: If she had been more careful, she would not have made mistakes.

ব্যাখ্যা: Type 2 (were) → Type 3 (had been); would → would have।

9. Advanced & Uncommon Transformations

9.1 So...that ↔ Too...to ↔ Such...that

Type	Original Sentence	Transformed Sentence
So→Too	She is so weak that she cannot walk.	She is too weak to walk.
Too→So	He is too proud to apologize.	He is so proud that he will not apologize.
Too→So	The box is too heavy for him to carry.	The box is so heavy that he cannot carry it.
So→Such [noun]	He was so brave that all praised him.	He was such a brave man that all praised him.
Such→So	It was such an easy question that everyone could answer.	The question was so easy that everyone could answer it.
So→Too [object]	She is so ill that she cannot work.	She is too ill to work.

89. [so...that → too...to]

Original: The coffee was so hot that he could not drink it.

Transformed: The coffee was too hot for him to drink.

ব্যাখ্যা: so + adj + that + cannot → too + adj + for + object + to + V1।

90. [such...that → so...that]

Original: It was such a difficult exam that nobody passed.

Transformed: The exam was so difficult that nobody passed.

ব্যাখ্যা: Such a + adj + noun → so + adj + that।

9.2 "Lest" Transformation

FORMULA / STRUCTURE

lest = যাতে না / পাছে (negative purpose)

so that...not → lest + should: Walk carefully so that you may not fall → Walk carefully lest you should fall.

lest → so that...not: He ran lest he should be late → He ran so that he might not be late.

Type	Original Sentence	Transformed Sentence
so that not → lest	Walk fast so that you may not miss the train.	Walk fast lest you should miss the train.
lest → so that not	She left early lest she should be late.	She left early so that she might not be late.
lest → for fear that	He hid lest he should be caught.	He hid for fear that he should be caught.
so that not → for fear that	He whispered so that he might not wake the baby.	He whispered for fear that he should wake the baby.

9.3 Relative Clause ↔ Participle / Adjective

Type	Original Sentence	Transformed Sentence
RC→Participle	The boy who was crying ran to his mother.	The crying boy ran to his mother.
RC→Participle	The bridge which was built in 1990 is still strong.	The bridge built in 1990 is still strong.
RC→Participle	The man who is standing near the gate is my father.	The man standing near the gate is my father.
Participle→RC	The girl singing on stage is my sister.	The girl who is singing on stage is my sister.
Adj→RC	He is a famous author.	He is an author who is famous.
RC→Adj	The problem which was very difficult was solved by her.	The very difficult problem was solved by her.

9.4 "Although/Though/Despite/However" Transformations

Type	Original Sentence	Transformed Sentence
Although→Despite	Although he worked hard, he failed.	Despite working hard, he failed.
Although→Yet	Although she tried her best, she could not win.	She tried her best, yet she could not win.
Although→However	Although the plan seemed risky, they proceeded.	The plan seemed risky; however, they proceeded.
Despite→Although	Despite the difficulties, she succeeded.	Although there were difficulties, she succeeded.
Despite→In spite of	Despite being exhausted, she continued.	In spite of being exhausted, she continued.
Yet→Although	He is honest, yet he is poor.	Although he is honest, he is poor.

9.5 "Would rather / Had better / It is time"

Type	Original Sentence	Transformed Sentence
Would rather	I would rather die than surrender.	I prefer to die than to surrender.
Would rather+other	I would rather you left now.	I want you to leave now.
Had better	You had better go now.	It would be wise for you to go now.
It is time	It is time you took rest.	You should take rest now.
It is high time	It is high time we reformed education.	We should reform education immediately.

9.6 "As...as" / "Not so...as"

Type	Original Sentence	Transformed Sentence
as...as → comparative	He is as tall as his father.	His father is not taller than he.
not so...as → comparative	She is not so clever as her sister.	Her sister is cleverer than she.
as...as → not so...as	This bag is as heavy as that one.	That bag is not heavier than this one.
not so...as → as...as	He is not so old as he looks.	He looks older than he is.

9.7 Causative Transformation

Type	Original Sentence	Transformed Sentence
Causative Active	She had the dress tailored.	She caused the dress to be tailored.
Make causative	He made the children clean the room.	The children were made to clean the room (passive).
Have causative	I had my hair cut by the barber.	The barber cut my hair for me.
Get causative	She got the letter typed.	She had the letter typed.

9.8 Reported Structures — Agree/Deny/Congratulate

Type	Original Sentence	Transformed Sentence
Agree	He said, "Yes, I will do it."	He agreed to do it.
Deny	She said, "No, I didn't steal it."	She denied stealing it.
Congratulate	He said, "Congratulations on your success!"	He congratulated her on her success.
Warn	She said, "Be careful — there is a dog!"	She warned him to be careful as there was a dog.
Regret	He said, "I'm sorry I was late."	He apologized for being late.

10. Comprehensive Solved Examples

নিচের উদাহরণগুলো BCS, Bank Job ও NTRCA পরীক্ষার প্রশ্নের ধাঁচে তৈরি — প্রতিটি transformation-এর সমন্বয়ে।

A. Sentence Type (Simple↔Complex↔Compound):

91. [Simple→Complex]

Original: His quick thinking saved the situation.

Transformed: Because he thought quickly, the situation was saved.

ব্যাখ্যা: Noun (quick thinking) → Adverbial clause।

92. [Complex→Simple]

Original: Although the mountain was steep, he climbed it.

Transformed: Despite the steepness of the mountain, he climbed it.

ব্যাখ্যা: Although + clause → Despite + Noun।

93. [Compound→Complex]

Original: He worked hard, but he did not get promoted.

Transformed: Although he worked hard, he did not get promoted.

ব্যাখ্যা: but (contrast) → although/though।

94. [Simple→Compound]

Original: Failing twice, he did not lose hope.

Transformed: He failed twice, yet he did not lose hope.

ব্যাখ্যা: Participial phrase (Failing) → Compound with yet।

95. [Complex→Compound]

Original: Since he was ill, he could not attend class.

Transformed: He was ill, so he could not attend class.

ব্যাখ্যা: since (reason) → so (result)।

B. Affirmative ↔ Negative:

96. [A→N [Every→No]]

Original: Every cloud has a silver lining.

Transformed: There is no cloud that does not have a silver lining.

ব্যাখ্যা: Every + S → There is no + S + that + does not।

97. [N→A [Nobody→Everybody]]

Original: Nobody was absent from the meeting.

Transformed: Everybody was present at the meeting.

ব্যাখ্যা: Nobody + was absent → Everybody + was present।

98. [A→N [Always→Never]]

Original: He always keeps his word.

Transformed: He never breaks his word.

ব্যাখ্যা: always + keeps (positive) → never + breaks (antonym)।

99. [A→N [Must→Cannot help]]

Original: I must laugh when I see him dancing.

Transformed: I cannot help laughing when I see him dancing.

ব্যাখ্যা: must + V1 → cannot help + V-ing।

100. [N→A [Not without → with]]

Original: He never speaks without thinking.

Transformed: He always thinks before speaking.

ব্যাখ্যা: never + without → always + before।

C. Active ↔ Passive:

101. [A→P [Present Perfect]]

Original: Scientists have recently discovered a new vaccine.

Transformed: A new vaccine has recently been discovered by scientists.

ব্যাখ্যা: have + V3 → have + been + V3।

102. [A→P [Past Continuous]]

Original: She was reading a novel when I entered.

Transformed: A novel was being read by her when I entered.

ব্যাখ্যা: was + reading → was + being + read।

103. [A→P [Modal: should]]

Original: You should submit the report by Friday.

Transformed: The report should be submitted by you by Friday.

ব্যাখ্যা: should + V1 → should + be + V3।

104. [P→A [Past Perfect]]

Original: The lesson had been taught before the bell rang.

Transformed: The teacher had taught the lesson before the bell rang.

ব্যাখ্যা: had been + V3 → had + V3; passive agent → active subject।

105. [A→P [Who question]]

Original: Who painted the Mona Lisa?

Transformed: By whom was the Mona Lisa painted?

ব্যাখ্যা: Who → By whom; painted → was painted।

D. Direct ↔ Indirect Speech:

106. [D→I [Statement]]

Original: "The meeting will start at 9 am tomorrow," the boss said.

Transformed: The boss said that the meeting would start at 9 am the next day.

ব্যাখ্যা: will → would; tomorrow → the next day।

107. [D→I [Wh-Q]]

Original: "Why didn't you attend the class?" the teacher asked me.

Transformed: The teacher asked me why I hadn't attended the class.

ব্যাখ্যা: Why + didn't + V1 → why + I + hadn't + V3 (backshift)।

108. [D→I [Request]]

Original: "Please don't disturb me while I'm working," she said.

Transformed: She requested them not to disturb her while she was working.

ব্যাখ্যা: Please + don't → requested...not to; while I'm → while she was।

109. [D→I [Exclamatory]]

Original: "What a brilliant idea!" he exclaimed.

Transformed: He exclaimed that it was a very brilliant idea.

ব্যাখ্যা: What a + Adj + Noun → exclaimed that + very + Adj + Noun।

110. [I→D]

Original: She told me that she had finished reading the book the previous day.

Transformed: She said to me, "I finished reading the book yesterday."

ব্যাখ্যা: Reverse: had finished → finished; previous day → yesterday; she → I।

E. Degree of Comparison:

111. [Sup→Comp]

Original: Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries.

Transformed: Very few countries are as densely populated as Bangladesh.

ব্যাখ্যা: one of the most → Very few + Noun + as + adj + as।

112. [Comp→Pos]

Original: Silver is more valuable than any other metal except gold.

Transformed: No other metal except gold is as valuable as silver.

ব্যাখ্যা: more...than any other → No other + noun + as + adj + as।

113. [Pos→Sup]

Original: Very few writers are as popular as Rabindranath.

Transformed: Rabindranath is one of the most popular writers.

ব্যাখ্যা: Very few...as...as → one of the most।

114. [Degree [Elder→Older]]

Original: My elder brother is more experienced than I am.

Transformed: My elder brother has more experience than I do. / He is older and more experienced.

ব্যাখ্যা: elder (family) vs older (general)।

F. Interrogative ↔ Exclamatory ↔ Assertive:

115. [Assert→Excl [adj]]

Original: The river looks very beautiful today.

Transformed: How beautiful the river looks today!

ব্যাখ্যা: very + adj → How + adj!

116. [Assert→Interrog]

Original: Nothing can be more important than health.

Transformed: What can be more important than health?

ব্যাখ্যা: Nothing can be → What can be।

117. [Excl→Assert]

Original: What a tragedy it is!

Transformed: It is a great tragedy.

ব্যাখ্যা: What a + Noun → It is a + great + Noun।

118. [Interrog→Assert]

Original: Who does not know his name?

Transformed: Everyone knows his name.

ব্যাখ্যা: Who does not → Everyone does।

G. Conditional Transformation:

119. [If→Had [Inversion]]

Original: If the doctor had come earlier, the patient would have survived.

Transformed: Had the doctor come earlier, the patient would have survived.

ব্যাখ্যা: If + had → Had + Subject (inversion)।

120. [If→Unless]

Original: If you don't tell the truth, people will not trust you.

Transformed: Unless you tell the truth, people will not trust you.

ব্যাখ্যা: If + not → Unless।

121. [If→But for]

Original: If it had not been for your advice, I would have made a wrong decision.

Transformed: But for your advice, I would have made a wrong decision.

ব্যাখ্যা: If it had not been for → But for।

122. [Type2→Type3]

Original: If I knew her address, I would write to her.

Transformed: If I had known her address, I would have written to her.

ব্যাখ্যা: knew → had known; would → would have।

H. Advanced Patterns:

123. [so...that → too...to [object]]

Original: The problem was so difficult that he could not solve it.

Transformed: The problem was too difficult for him to solve.

ব্যাখ্যা: so + adj + that + S + could not → too + adj + for + Object + to + V1।

124. [lest transformation]

Original: She spoke quietly so that she might not wake the baby.

Transformed: She spoke quietly lest she should wake the baby.

ব্যাখ্যা: so that + might not → lest + should।

125. [Relative → Participial]

Original: The train that is arriving at platform 3 is from Chittagong.

Transformed: The train arriving at platform 3 is from Chittagong.

ব্যাখ্যা: that is + V-ing → V-ing (Participial adjective)।

126. [As if/As though]

Original: He talked as if he were the owner of the company.

Transformed: He talked in a manner suggesting he was the owner.

ব্যাখ্যা: As if + unreal clause।

127. [Would rather [other sub]]

Original: I would rather you stayed at home today.

Transformed: I want you to stay at home today.

ব্যাখ্যা: Would rather + other subject + Past Tense।

128. [Had better]

Original: You had better see a doctor before it gets worse.

Transformed: It would be wise for you to see a doctor before it gets worse.

ব্যাখ্যা: Had better → It would be wise to।

11. MCQ Practice Set

Q1. Choose the correct transformation of: "He is too proud to apologize."

(a) He is so proud that he will apologize.

(b) He is so proud that he will not apologize.

(d) He is such proud that he will not apologize.

Answer: (b) He is so proud that he will not apologize.

Explanation: Too + adj + to → So + adj + that + S + will not + V1।

Q2. "No sooner had she entered ___ the lights went out."

(a) when

(b) then

(d) while

Answer: (c) than

Explanation: No sooner + had + V3 → "than" + Simple Past। নিয়ম: No sooner...than।

Q3. Passive of: "The manager has approved the proposal."

(a) The proposal has been approved by the manager.

(b) The proposal was approved by the manager.

(d) The proposal is approved by the manager.

Answer: (a) The proposal has been approved by the manager.

Explanation: Present Perfect Active → Passive: have/has + been + V3।

Q4. Indirect of: "She said, 'I am feeling ill.'"

(a) She said that she is feeling ill.

(b) She said that she was feeling ill.

(d) She said that she has been feeling ill.

Answer: (b) She said that she was feeling ill.

Explanation: Backshift: am feeling → was feeling। "said + that" (not "told that")।

Q5. "Although she was tired, she continued." — Using "Despite":

(a) Despite she was tired, she continued.

(b) Despite being tired, she continued.

(d) Despite tired, she continued.

Answer: (b) Despite being tired, she continued.

Explanation: Although + Subject + V → Despite + V-ing (or Noun)।

Q6. "The Nile is longer than any other river in the world." — Superlative:

(a) The Nile is one of the longest rivers.

(b) The Nile is the longest river in the world.

(d) The Nile is most longest river.

Answer: (b) The Nile is the longest river in the world.

Explanation: Comparative (longer than any other) → Superlative: the + adj+est।

Q7. Correct Negative of: "Everyone loves a kind person."

(a) Nobody loves a kind person.

(b) There is nobody who does not love a kind person.

(d) Not everyone loves a kind person.

Answer: (b) There is nobody who does not love a kind person.

Explanation: "Everyone" → "There is nobody who does not" (double negative = affirmative)।

Q8. Active: "Who wrote this poem?" → Passive:

(a) By whom was this poem written?

(b) By whom this poem was written?

(d) This poem was written by whom?

Answer: (a) By whom was this poem written?

Explanation: Who → By whom; was + V3 + inversion in passive question।

Q9. "Unless you hurry, you will miss the train." — Using "If":

(a) If you hurry, you will not miss the train.

(b) If you will not hurry, you will miss the train.

(d) If you won't hurry, you will miss the train.

Answer: (c) If you don't hurry, you will miss the train.

Explanation: Unless = If + not। "If you don't" সবচেয়ে সঠিক।

Q10. "Work hard or you will fail." — Complex transformation:

(a) If you work hard, you will not fail.

(b) Unless you work hard, you will fail.

(d) Neither is correct.

Answer: (c) Both a and b are correct.

Explanation: or (negative condition) → If...not OR Unless — উভয়ই সঠিক।

Q11. "She said to him, 'Please don't leave me.'" — Indirect:

(a) She told him please not to leave her.

(b) She requested him not to leave her.

(d) She told him do not leave her.

Answer: (b) She requested him not to leave her.

Explanation: Request (Negative) → requested + Object + not to + V1। "please" removed।

Q12. "What a brave man he is!" — Assertive:

(a) He is a brave man.

(b) He is very brave man.

(d) He was very brave man.

Answer: (c) He is a very brave man.

Explanation: What a + Adj + Noun → He is + a + very + Adj + Noun।

Q13. Correct transformation: "He is senior ___ me."

(a) than

(b) from

(d) of

Answer: (c) to

Explanation: "Senior, junior, superior, inferior" + "to" (never "than")।

Q14. Passive of: "They were building a bridge when the storm hit."

(a) A bridge was being built by them when the storm hit.

(b) A bridge has been built by them when the storm hit.

(d) A bridge is being built by them when the storm hit.

Answer: (a) A bridge was being built by them when the storm hit.

Explanation: Past Continuous Active → Passive: was/were + being + V3।

Q15. "He had not gone far before the rain started." — Using "Scarcely":

(a) Scarcely he had gone far when the rain started.

(b) Scarcely had he gone far when the rain started.

(d) Scarcely he went far when the rain started.

Answer: (b) Scarcely had he gone far when the rain started.

Explanation: Scarcely + Inversion: had + Subject + V3 + when + Simple Past।

Q16. "Dhaka is the most populous city in Bangladesh." — Positive degree:

(a) No other city in Bangladesh is as populous as Dhaka.

(b) No other cities in Bangladesh are as populous as Dhaka.

(d) No city is more populous as Dhaka.

Answer: (a) No other city in Bangladesh is as populous as Dhaka.

Explanation: Superlative → Positive: No other + singular noun + is as + adj + as।

Q17. "She asked me, 'Where do you work?'" — Indirect:

(a) She asked me where did I work.

(b) She asked me where I worked.

(d) She inquired me where did I work.

Answer: (b) She asked me where I worked.

Explanation: Wh-Q indirect: asked + where + Subject + Verb (no inversion); backshift: do → did।

Q18. "I cannot but admire his patience." — Affirmative:

(a) I may admire his patience.

(b) I should admire his patience.

(d) I will admire his patience.

Answer: (c) I must admire his patience.

Explanation: "Cannot but" = "must"।

Q19. "Walk fast lest you should miss the bus." — Using "so that":

(a) Walk fast so that you can miss the bus.

(b) Walk fast so that you may not miss the bus.

(d) Walk fast so that you should not miss the bus.

Answer: (b) Walk fast so that you may not miss the bus.

Explanation: Lest + should → so that + may not।

Q20. Passive of: "Let him complete the task."

(a) Let the task be completed by him.

(b) Let the task is completed by him.

(d) The task was let to be completed.

Answer: (a) Let the task be completed by him.

Explanation: "Let" Passive: Let + Object + be + V3।

Q21. "The teacher said, 'The earth moves around the sun.'" — Indirect:

(a) The teacher said that the earth moved around the sun.

(b) The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.

(d) The teacher said that the earth had moved around the sun.

Answer: (b) The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.

Explanation: Universal truth → no backshift; moves (Simple Present stays)।

Q22. "Despite his efforts, he failed." — Complex sentence:

(a) Because he made efforts, he failed.

(b) Although he made efforts, he failed.

(d) Since he made efforts, he failed.

Answer: (b) Although he made efforts, he failed.

Explanation: Despite + Noun/V-ing → Although + Subject + V (concession)।

Q23. "Only a wise man can understand this." — Negative:

(a) None but a wise man cannot understand this.

(b) None but a wise man can understand this.

(d) Only wise man cannot understand this.

Answer: (b) None but a wise man can understand this.

Explanation: "Only" → "None but" (same meaning, no double negative!)।

Q24. "Were she here, she would solve the problem." — Using "if":

(a) If she is here, she would solve the problem.

(b) If she was here, she would solve the problem.

(d) If she had been here, she would solve the problem.

Answer: (c) If she were here, she would solve the problem.

Explanation: Were + Subject → If + Subject + were (Type 2 conditional)।

Q25. "It is time he realized his mistake." — Correct verb:

(a) realizes

(b) will realize

(d) realized

Answer: (d) realized

Explanation: "It is time + Subject + Past Tense" — সবসময় Past Tense।

Q26. "She prefers coffee ___ tea."

(a) to

(b) than

(d) more than

Answer: (a) to

Explanation: "Prefer" + "to" (not "than"). অবশ্যই "to" ব্যবহার।

Q27. Passive of: "Have they started the construction?"

(a) Has the construction been started by them?

(b) Have the construction been started by them?

(d) Has the construction started by them?

Answer: (a) Has the construction been started by them?

Explanation: Present Perfect Q Passive: Have → Has (singular subject); been + V3।

Q28. "He ran fast so that he could catch the bus." — Using "lest":

(a) He ran fast lest he could catch the bus.

(b) He ran fast lest he cannot catch the bus.

(d) He ran fast lest he would miss the bus.

Answer: (c) He ran fast lest he should miss the bus.

Explanation: so that + could → lest + should। Negative meaning preserved।

Q29. "No other river in Bangladesh is as long as the Padma." — Superlative:

(a) The Padma is most long river in Bangladesh.

(b) The Padma is the longest river in Bangladesh.

(d) The Padma is longer than any river.

Answer: (b) The Padma is the longest river in Bangladesh.

Explanation: No other...as + adj + as → the + adj+est (Superlative)।

Q30. "He works hard to earn a good living." — Complex sentence:

(a) He works hard if he can earn a good living.

(b) He works hard so that he can earn a good living.

(d) He works hard though he earns a good living.

Answer: (b) He works hard so that he can earn a good living.

Explanation: To + V1 (purpose) → so that + Subject + can + V1।

Q31. "Seeing the accident, she called the police." — Complex:

(a) When she saw the accident, she called the police.

(b) Because the accident saw, she called the police.

(d) Since she saw the accident, she called the police.

Answer: (a) When she saw the accident, she called the police.

Explanation: Participle (Seeing) → When + Subject + V2 (past)।

Q32. Passive of: "Someone has stolen my wallet."

(a) My wallet has been stolen by someone.

(b) My wallet has been stolen.

(d) My wallet had been stolen.

Answer: (b) My wallet has been stolen.

Explanation: When agent is "someone/they/people" → "by phrase" is omitted।

Q33. "She said, 'I will visit my grandparents next month.'" — Indirect:

(a) She said she would visit her grandparents next month.

(b) She said she will visit her grandparents the next month.

(d) She said she would visit her grandparents the following month.

Answer: (d) She said she would visit her grandparents the following month.

Explanation: will → would; next month → the following month।

Q34. Which is the correct transformation of: "He is very honest"?

(a) What an honest man he is!

(b) How honest he is!

(d) How an honest he is!

Answer: (b) How honest he is!

Explanation: Very + Adj (no noun after it) → How + Adj + S + V! ("very" removed)।

Q35. "Both of them failed." — Negative:

(a) Neither of them passed.

(b) Neither of them failed.

(d) Both of them didn't pass.

Answer: (a) Neither of them passed.

Explanation: Both + affirmative → Neither + negative (antonym: failed → passed)।

Q36. "He is as intelligent as his sister." — Comparative:

(a) He is more intelligent than his sister.

(b) His sister is not more intelligent than he.

(d) His sister is more intelligent than he.

Answer: (b) His sister is not more intelligent than he.

Explanation: as + adj + as → Comparative: S1 is not more + adj + than S2।

Q37. Passive of: "Open the window immediately."

(a) The window is opened immediately.

(b) Let the window be opened immediately.

(d) The window must be opened immediately.

Answer: (b) Let the window be opened immediately.

Explanation: Imperative Active → Let + Object + be + V3।

Q38. "Had she worked harder, she would have succeeded." — Using "if":

(a) If she worked harder, she would have succeeded.

(b) If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.

(d) If she would work harder, she would have succeeded.

Answer: (b) If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.

Explanation: Had + Subject → If + Subject + had (Type 3 conditional)।

Q39. "As soon as the teacher entered, students stood up." — Using "No sooner":

(a) No sooner did the teacher enter than students stood up.

(b) No sooner had the teacher entered than students stood up.

(d) No sooner the teacher had entered than students stood up.

Answer: (b) No sooner had the teacher entered than students stood up.

Explanation: No sooner + had + Subject + V3 + than (Inversion!)।

Q40. "It was such a hot day that we could not go out." — Using "too":

(a) The day was too hot to go out.

(b) The day was too hot for us to go out.

(d) It was such hot that we could not go out.

Answer: (b) The day was too hot for us to go out.

Explanation: Such a + Adj + Noun + that + cannot → Too + adj + for + object + to + V1।

Q41. Correct transformation of: "Always speak the truth."

(a) You always speak the truth.

(b) You should always speak the truth.

(d) You ought always to speak the truth.

Answer: (b) You should always speak the truth.

Explanation: Imperative → Assertive: You should + V1।

Q42. "She is not so clever as her brother." — Comparative form:

(a) She is cleverer than her brother.

(b) Her brother is cleverer than she.

(d) She is less clever than her brother.

Answer: (b) Her brother is cleverer than she.

Explanation: Not so + adj + as → The other is + adj+er + than the first।

Q43. Indirect of: "He said, 'May I come in?'"

(a) He said that he might come in.

(b) He asked if he might come in.

(d) He asked that he may come in.

Answer: (b) He asked if he might come in.

Explanation: May I (question/request) → asked + if + he + might + V1।

Q44. "He told me that he had finished his homework." — Direct speech:

(a) "I have finished my homework," he told me.

(b) "I finished my homework," he told me.

(d) "I will finish my homework," he told me.

Answer: (a) "I have finished my homework," he told me.

Explanation: Reverse: had finished → have finished (Present Perfect); he → I।

Q45. Passive of: "She was writing a letter."

(a) A letter was written by her.

(b) A letter was being written by her.

(d) A letter had been written by her.

Answer: (b) A letter was being written by her.

Explanation: Past Continuous Active → Passive: was/were + being + V3।

Q46. "The more she reads, the wiser she becomes." — This is:

(a) A compound sentence

(b) A simple sentence

(d) An interrogative sentence

Answer: (c) A complex sentence

Explanation: The more...the more = Complex sentence (two clauses with comparative correlation)।

Q47. Choose the correct passive: "People say that he is honest."

(a) He is said to be honest.

(b) It is said that he is honest.

(d) He has been said to be honest.

Answer: (c) Both a and b are correct.

Explanation: Impersonal passive: (1) It is said that... (2) He is said to be... — দুটোই correct।

Q48. "Scarcely had I sat down when the phone rang." — Positive transformation:

(a) As soon as I had sat down, the phone rang.

(b) As soon as I sat down, the phone rang.

(d) When I sat down, the phone rang.

Answer: (b) As soon as I sat down, the phone rang.

Explanation: Scarcely/Hardly...when → As soon as + Simple Past।

Q49. "I would rather you didn't tell him the secret." — Transformation:

(a) I prefer you not to tell him.

(b) I want you not to tell him the secret.

(d) I would not prefer you to tell him.

Answer: (b) I want you not to tell him the secret.

Explanation: "Would rather + other subject + Past Tense" → "want + object + not to + V1"।

Q50. Which sentence is correctly transformed into Passive?

(a) Active: He gave a gift to her. → Passive: She was given a gift by him.

(b) Active: He loves her. → Passive: She is being loved by him.

(d) Active: They saw him. → Passive: He was seen from them.

Answer: (a) Active: He gave a gift to her. → Passive: She was given a gift by him.

Explanation: Indirect object → Subject in passive; "was given a gift by him" ✔।

12. Fill in the Blanks

1. She is ___ honest ___ she never tells a lie. [so...that]

Answer: so / that

ব্যাখ্যা: Too...to → so + adj + that।

2. ___ a wonderful sunrise it is! [Exclamatory]

Answer: What

ব্যাখ্যা: What + a/an + Adj + Noun!

3. "I have finished the work," he said. → He said that he ___ the work.

Answer: had finished

ব্যাখ্যা: Backshift: have finished → had finished।

4. The letter was ___ by the manager. [Passive, Simple Past]

Answer: written

ব্যাখ্যা: was + V3 = Simple Past Passive।

5. No sooner had he left ___ it started raining.

Answer: than

ব্যাখ্যা: No sooner...than (not when/then)।

6. Unless you ___ hard, you will not succeed. [Condition]

Answer: work

ব্যাখ্যা: Unless + Simple Present (not will work)।

7. Despite ___ hard, he could not pass. [Transform Although]

Answer: working hard

ব্যাখ্যা: Despite + V-ing বা Noun।

8. She asked me where ___ [I live → Indirect]

Answer: I lived

ব্যাখ্যা: Indirect Wh-Q: no inversion; backshift: live → lived।

9. No other student is ___ intelligent ___ she. [Positive degree]

Answer: as / as

ব্যাখ্যা: No other + noun + is as + adj + as + Subject।

10. It is high time you ___ your career seriously. [Transformation]

Answer: took

ব্যাখ্যা: It is high time + Past Tense।

11. ___ I been there, I would have stopped the fight. [Inversion]

Answer: Had

ব্যাখ্যা: Had + Subject + V3 = If + Subject + had + V3।

12. He is senior ___ me in this office.

Answer: to

ব্যাখ্যা: "Senior" uses "to" (not "than")।

13. She told me that she ___ come the next day. [Backshift]

Answer: would

ব্যাখ্যা: will → would (Backshift)।

14. The box is too heavy ___ him ___ carry. [too...to + object]

Answer: for / to

ব্যাখ্যা: Too + adj + for + Object + to + V1।

15. I cannot but ___ his extraordinary talent. [Transform]

Answer: admire

ব্যাখ্যা: Cannot but + V1 = must।

16. He was such ___ honest man that everyone respected him.

Answer: an

ব্যাখ্যা: Such + a/an + Adj + Noun + that।

17. ___ had she entered the room when the phone rang. [Hardly]

Answer: Hardly

ব্যাখ্যা: Hardly/Scarcely + had + Subject + V3 + when।

18. She prefers swimming ___ cycling. [Degree]

Answer: to

ব্যাখ্যা: "Prefer...to" (not than)।

19. The president will ___ inaugurated tomorrow. [Passive]

Answer: be

ব্যাখ্যা: will + be + V3 (Simple Future Passive)।

20. He ran fast lest he ___ miss the last bus.

Answer: should

ব্যাখ্যা: "Lest" + should (not may/will/would)।

21. She asked him ___ he had been to London before. [Yes/No Q]

Answer: if / whether

ব্যাখ্যা: Yes/No Q Indirect: asked + if/whether।

22. The new hospital is being ___ by the government. [Passive]

Answer: built

ব্যাখ্যা: is + being + V3 (Present Continuous Passive)।

23. ___ working hard, she failed the exam. [Despite/Although]

Answer: Despite

ব্যাখ্যা: Despite + V-ing (Although + Subject + V)।

24. He was so weak that he ___ even stand up. [result]

Answer: could not

ব্যাখ্যা: so...that + could not (negative result)।

25. Would ___ I were young again! [Wish]

Answer: that

ব্যাখ্যা: "Would that I were" = formal wish।

26. By whom ___ the window broken? [Passive Question]

Answer: was

ব্যাখ্যা: By whom + was + Subject + V3?

27. She congratulated him ___ his success. [Indirect]

Answer: on

ব্যাখ্যা: Congratulate + Object + on + Noun।

28. ___ a pity it is! [Exclamatory]

Answer: What

ব্যাখ্যা: What a + Noun (no adjective needed for "pity")।

29. No sooner ___ he arrived than the trouble started. [Inversion]

Answer: had

ব্যাখ্যা: No sooner + had + Subject + V3 + than।

30. She is ___ as her mother in terms of intelligence. [Positive]

Answer: as intelligent

ব্যাখ্যা: as + adj + as।

13. Error Detection

1. He is senior than me in the department.

Error: than → to → Correction: senior to me

"Senior, junior, superior, inferior, prior" এর পরে "to" (never "than")।

2. No sooner did he arrive when it started raining.

Error: did he arrive / when → had he arrived / than → Correction: No sooner had he arrived than it started raining.

"No sooner" + Inversion + had + V3 + "than" (not when, not "did")।

3. Despite she was tired, she kept working.

Error: Despite she was tired → Despite being tired → Correction: Despite being tired, she kept working.

Despite + V-ing বা Noun (subject + verb নয়)।

4. She told that she would come tomorrow.

Error: told that → said that / told me that → Correction: She said that she would come the next day.

Told needs object; said + that। "tomorrow" → "the next day"।

5. She asked me where was I going.

Error: where was I going → where I was going → Correction: She asked me where I was going.

Indirect Wh-Q → assertive word order (no inversion)।

6. He is too clever that he can solve this.

Error: too...that → too...to / so...that → Correction: He is too clever to be deceived. / He is so clever that he can solve this.

too + adj → too + adj + to OR so + adj + that।

7. No other river is as longest as the Amazon.

Error: longest → long → Correction: No other river is as long as the Amazon.

Positive degree: as + Adj (base form) + as — Superlative form নয়।

8. What a the beautiful painting it is!

Error: a the → a → Correction: What a beautiful painting it is!

What + a/an + Adj + Noun — "the" ব্যবহার হয় না।

9. Unless you will not hurry, you will be late.

Error: will not hurry → hurry → Correction: Unless you hurry, you will be late.

Unless = if + not (already negative) → unless-এ আলাদা "not" নয়।

10. The work was let done by him.

Error: was let done → let be done → Correction: Let the work be done by him.

Let Passive = Let + Object + be + V3।

11. She prefers tea than coffee.

Error: than → to → Correction: She prefers tea to coffee.

Prefer + to (not than)।

12. Were he here, I would have helped him.

Error: Would have helped → would help (mismatch) → Correction: Had he been here, I would have helped him.

Were = Type 2 (present); would have = Type 3 (past). Mismatch — use Had।

13. He said to me that he is going to London.

Error: is going → was going → Correction: He told me that he was going to London.

Backshift: is going → was going (said = Past)।

14. Not any student passed the exam.

Error: Not any → No → Correction: No student passed the exam.

Not any = No (more natural and correct)।

15. The letter was written from the manager.

Error: from → by → Correction: The letter was written by the manager.

Passive: Agent বোঝাতে "by" ব্যবহার, "from" নয়।

16. She requested him please to help her.

Error: please → (remove) → Correction: She requested him to help her.

Indirect request-এ "please" বাদ দেওয়া হয়।

17. No sooner had he came than she left.

Error: came → come → Correction: No sooner had he come than she left.

had + V3 — "come" is V3 of "come"; "came" is V2।

18. I would rather you will leave now.

Error: will leave → left → Correction: I would rather you left now.

Would rather + other subject + Past Tense।

19. He is more senior than all his colleagues.

Error: more senior than → senior to → Correction: He is senior to all his colleagues.

Senior is already comparative; "more" is redundant; use "to"।

20. The manager told that the meeting was postponed.

Error: told that → said that / told them that → Correction: The manager said that the meeting was postponed.

Told needs indirect object; use "said that" without object।

21. Although he was rich, but he was not happy.

Error: but → (remove) → Correction: Although he was rich, he was not happy.

Although এবং but একসাথে ব্যবহার হয় না — double conjunction error।

22. She said, "I have been here since many years."

Error: since many years → for many years → Correction: She said, "I have been here for many years."

"Since" + specific point; "for" + period/duration।

23. Being very tired, so she could not walk.

Error: so → (remove) → Correction: Being very tired, she could not walk.

Participial phrase-এর পরে "so" বসে না।

24. He asked that where she was going.

Error: that where → where → Correction: He asked where she was going.

Wh-Q indirect: asked + Wh-word (no "that" before wh-word)।

25. None but a brave man can do this deed.

Error: (This is actually correct!) → Correction: None but a brave man can do this deed. ✔

None but = Only। This transformation is correct।

26. She told me that she is coming to the party.

Error: is coming → was coming → Correction: She told me that she was coming to the party.

Backshift: is coming → was coming (told = Past)।

27. The bridge was built by thousand workers.

Error: by thousand workers → by thousands of workers → Correction: The bridge was built by thousands of workers.

Passive: "by thousands of workers" (plural + "of")।

28. It is high time you go to bed.

Error: go → went → Correction: It is high time you went to bed.

It is high time + Subject + Past Tense।

29. He is so proud to beg for forgiveness.

Error: so proud to → too proud to → Correction: He is too proud to beg for forgiveness.

Negative result with to-infinitive = too + adj + to (not "so...to")।

30. She exclaimed what a beautiful flower it was.

Error: exclaimed what → exclaimed that it was a very → Correction: She exclaimed that it was a very beautiful flower.

Indirect exclamatory: exclaimed + that + very + Adj + Noun।

14. Master Summary & Exam Tips

✔ EXAM TIP

TIP 1 — Meaning: যেকোনো transformation-এ মূল অর্থ অপরিবর্তিত রাখা সবচেয়ে জরুরি।

TIP 2 — No sooner: "No sooner...than" — Inversion আবশ্যক; "than" (not when); had + V3।

TIP 3 — Degree: Sup→Pos: "No other + singular noun + is as + adj + as"; Comp: "adj+er + than any other + singular noun"।

TIP 4 — Passive: Object→Subject; be + V3; by + Agent। প্রতিটি Tense-এ "be"-র রূপ বদলায়।

TIP 5 — Narration: Universal truth, scientific fact, proverb — Backshift হয় না।

TIP 6 — Inversion: "Were I/he/she" (Type 2); "Had I/he/she" (Type 3) — "if" ছাড়া Inversion।

TIP 7 — Prefer/Senior: "prefer + to"; "senior/junior/superior/inferior + to" — কখনো "than" নয়।

TIP 8 — Lest: "lest" এর পরে সবসময় "should"।

TIP 9 — Although + but: "Although" এবং "but" একসাথে ব্যবহার করা যায় না।

TIP 10 — None but: "None but" = "Only" — অর্থ same; double negative নয়।

✘ TRAP / WARNING

TRAP 1: "told" এর পরে সরাসরি "that" আসে না — "told + Object + that" অথবা "said + that"।

TRAP 2: "Despite" এর পরে subject + verb নয় — "despite being" বা "despite + noun"।

TRAP 3: "Unless" নিজেই negative — "unless + not" দ্বিগুণ negative, ভুল।

TRAP 4: "No other + Singular Noun" — Positive degree-এ singular noun।

TRAP 5: Indirect question word order: "She asked where he was going" (not "where was he going")।

TRAP 6: "Although...but" একসাথে ভুল — একটি বেছে নাও।

TRAP 7: "None but" এর পরে সরাসরি Verb আসে (Negative verb নয়): "None but he can" (not "cannot")।

TRAP 8: "So proud to" ভুল (positive); "too proud to" সঠিক (negative result)।

Quick Reference — Transformation Summary

Type	Pattern	Direction	Key Rule
Affirm→Neg	Only → None but	→	None but + same verb (no double neg)
Affirm→Neg	as soon as → No sooner	→	had + V3 + than
Affirm→Neg	must → cannot but	→	cannot but + V1
Neg→Affirm	cannot but → must	→	must + V1
Active→Passive	be + V3 + by	→	Each tense = different "be" form
Direct→Indirect	Backshift + Conjunction	→	Universal truth: no backshift
Positive→Super	No other...as...as → the +est	→	Singular noun in Positive
Simple→Complex	Participle → when/because	→	V-ing → When + Subject + V2
Compound→Complex	but → although	→	Contrast: but ↔ although/though
If → Inversion	Were/Had/Should (front)	→	Remove "if"; aux to front
Assert→Excl	What a/How	→	very + adj → How/What a + adj
Assert→Q	Positive→Negative Q	→	Negative assertive→Positive Q

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