CHAPTER Verb ক্রিয়া |
1. Verb — সংজ্ঞা ও পরিচিতি (Definition & Introduction)
Verb হলো বাক্যের প্রাণ। Subject কী করে বা কী অবস্থায় আছে — সেটা Verb প্রকাশ করে। Verb ছাড়া কোনো সম্পূর্ণ বাক্য হয় না।
FORMULA / STRUCTURE |
Definition: Verb হলো এমন একটি শব্দ যা কোনো কাজ (action), অবস্থা (state) বা ঘটনা (occurrence) প্রকাশ করে। Examples: run, eat, think, is, become, seem, have, do, can, write, love, exist Key: প্রতিটি sentence-এ কমপক্ষে একটি Finite Verb থাকতেই হবে। |
Verb-এর প্রকারভেদ | সংক্ষিপ্ত বিবরণ | উদাহরণ |
Transitive Verb | Object আছে | She reads a book. |
Intransitive Verb | Object নেই | He sleeps. |
Linking Verb | Subject + Complement জোড়া লাগায় | She is happy. |
Auxiliary / Helping Verb | Main verb-কে সাহায্য করে | He is reading. She has gone. |
Modal Verb | Possibility/ability/permission বোঝায় | He can swim. You must go. |
Regular Verb | V2 ও V3 = V1 + ed | walked, talked, played |
Irregular Verb | V2 ও V3 অনিয়মিত | go→went→gone, write→wrote→written |
Finite Verb | Subject ও Tense অনুযায়ী রূপ বদলায় | She writes. They wrote. |
Non-Finite Verb | Tense বদলায় না: Infinitive/Gerund/Participle | To read, Reading, Read/Written |
Causative Verb | অন্যকে দিয়ে কাজ করানো | have, make, let, get, help |
Stative Verb | অবস্থা বোঝায়; Continuous হয় না | know, love, believe, own, seem |
Dynamic Verb | কাজ বোঝায়; Continuous হয় | run, eat, build, write, play |
Phrasal Verb | Verb + Particle = নতুন অর্থ | give up, look after, run into |
2. Types of Verbs — ক্রিয়ার প্রকারভেদ
2.1 Transitive vs Intransitive Verbs
FORMULA / STRUCTURE |
Transitive Verb: Object দরকার হয় — "কাকে/কী?" প্রশ্নের উত্তর আছে। Intransitive Verb: Object দরকার হয় না — অর্থ নিজেই সম্পূর্ণ। Tricky: অনেক Verb উভয় হতে পারে — context দেখো। |
Transitive (Object আছে) | Intransitive (Object নেই) | উভয় (Context দেখো) |
She reads a novel. | She reads well. | She reads. (Int.) / She reads novels. (Trans.) |
He wrote a letter. | He writes beautifully. | He writes. (Int.) / He wrote a letter. (Trans.) |
They built a bridge. | Birds fly. | The birds fly south. (Trans.) / Birds fly. (Int.) |
She loves her children. | He laughed loudly. | She sings. (Int.) / She sings songs. (Trans.) |
He broke the window. | The glass broke. | break: Trans. & Int. |
1. [Transitive]
She teaches mathematics at a university.
Rule: teaches = Transitive; mathematics = Direct Object।
➤ সে একটি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে গণিত পড়ায়।
2. [Intransitive]
The baby slept peacefully.
Rule: slept = Intransitive (no object)।
➤ শিশুটি শান্তিপূর্ণভাবে ঘুমাল।
3. [Both]
She opened the door. / The door opened.
Rule: opened: Transitive (door = object) vs Intransitive (no object)।
➤ সে দরজা খুলল। / দরজা খুলে গেল।
2.2 Linking Verbs (Copular Verbs)
FORMULA / STRUCTURE |
Linking Verb: Subject-কে Subject Complement (Noun/Adjective)-এর সাথে যুক্ত করে। Test: Linking Verb-এর পরে Adjective আসে (Adverb নয়)। Common Linking Verbs: be (is/am/are/was/were), become, seem, appear, look, feel, sound, smell, taste, remain, grow, turn, get, stay, prove |
Linking Verb | Example | বাংলা | Complement Type |
be (is/am/are) | She is a teacher. | সে একজন শিক্ষক। | Noun (Predicate Noun) |
become | He became famous. | সে বিখ্যাত হলো। | Adjective (Pred. Adj.) |
seem | The plan seems risky. | পরিকল্পনাটি ঝুঁকিপূর্ণ মনে হচ্ছে। | Adjective |
appear | She appeared nervous. | সে নার্ভাস মনে হলো। | Adjective |
look | He looks tired. | সে ক্লান্ত দেখাচ্ছে। | Adjective |
feel | The silk feels soft. | রেশমটি নরম অনুভব হয়। | Adjective |
sound | That sounds wonderful. | সেটা দুর্দান্ত শোনাচ্ছে। | Adjective |
smell | The flowers smell sweet. | ফুলগুলো মিষ্টি গন্ধ পাচ্ছে। | Adjective |
taste | The food tastes delicious. | খাবারটা সুস্বাদু লাগছে। | Adjective |
remain | She remained calm. | সে শান্ত রইল। | Adjective |
grow | He grew old. | সে বুড়ো হলো। | Adjective |
turn | The leaves turn yellow. | পাতাগুলো হলুদ হয়ে যায়। | Adjective |
✘ TRAP / WARNING |
TRAP 1: Linking Verb-এর পরে Adjective (Adverb নয়)। ✘ Wrong: She looks beautifully. ✔ Correct: She looks beautiful. TRAP 2: "He smells badly" (Action Verb — he sniffs with a bad nose) vs "He smells bad" (Linking — he has a bad smell)। |
4. [Linking Verb [look]]
She looks exhausted after the long journey.
Rule: looks = Linking Verb; exhausted = Adjective complement।
➤ দীর্ঘ যাত্রার পরে সে ক্লান্ত দেখাচ্ছে।
5. [Linking Verb [become]]
She became the first woman to win the prize.
Rule: became = Linking; the first woman = Noun complement।
➤ সে পুরস্কার জেতা প্রথম নারী হলো।
6. [Action vs Linking]
He tasted the soup. vs The soup tastes salty.
Rule: taste = Action (he tasted) vs Linking (soup tastes)।
➤ সে স্যুপের স্বাদ নিল। vs স্যুপটা নোনতা স্বাদের।
2.3 Auxiliary / Helping Verbs
FORMULA / STRUCTURE |
Primary Auxiliaries: be (am/is/are/was/were/being/been), do (does/did), have (has/had) Modal Auxiliaries: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, ought to, need, dare, used to Semi-modals: have to, be able to, be going to, be supposed to, had better, would rather |
Auxiliary | Function | Example |
be (is/am/are) | Progressive tense / Passive | She is reading. / It is written by him. |
have (has/had) | Perfect tense | He has finished. / She had left. |
do (does/did) | Negation / Question / Emphasis | She does not sleep. / Do you know? / I DO understand. |
can | Ability / Possibility | He can swim. / It can rain today. |
could | Past ability / Polite request / Possibility | She could run fast. / Could you help me? |
may | Permission / Possibility (formal) | May I come in? / It may rain. |
might | Weaker possibility / Past of may | It might rain. / She said it might snow. |
shall | Future (formal, 1st person) / Obligation | I shall return. / You shall not pass. |
should | Advice / Duty / Expectation | You should exercise. / He should be here. |
will | Future / Intention / Promise | She will come. / I will help you. |
would | Past habit / Polite request / Conditional | He would walk daily. / Would you help? / I would go if... |
must | Strong obligation / Certainty | You must submit. / She must be tired. |
ought to | Moral duty / Expectation | You ought to respect elders. |
need (modal) | Necessity (negative/question) | He need not go. / Need she come? |
dare (modal) | Courage/boldness (negative/question) | He dare not speak. / How dare you! |
used to | Past habit (no longer) | He used to smoke. |
7. [Primary Aux [do — emphasis]]
I do understand your concern.
Rule: do = emphatic auxiliary। এটি Present Simple কে emphasize করে।
➤ আমি তোমার উদ্বেগ বুঝতে পারছি (জোর দিয়ে)।
8. [Primary Aux [have — perfect]]
She has already submitted the application.
Rule: has = Present Perfect Auxiliary।
➤ সে ইতোমধ্যে আবেদনপত্র জমা দিয়েছে।
9. [Modal [can vs could]]
She can speak three languages. / She could speak three languages when she was young.
Rule: can = present ability; could = past ability।
➤ সে তিনটি ভাষা বলতে পারে। / সে ছোটবেলায় তিনটি ভাষা বলতে পারত।
10. [Modal [may vs might]]
It may rain this evening. / It might rain if the clouds gather.
Rule: may = moderate possibility; might = lesser possibility।
➤ আজ সন্ধ্যায় বৃষ্টি হতে পারে। / মেঘ জমলে বৃষ্টি হতে পারে।
2.4 Stative vs Dynamic Verbs
FORMULA / STRUCTURE |
Stative Verbs: অবস্থা (state) বোঝায় — Continuous Tense-এ সাধারণত ব্যবহার হয় না। Dynamic Verbs: কাজ (action) বোঝায় — সব Tense-এ ব্যবহার হয়। Key: কিছু Verb উভয় হতে পারে — context দেখো। |
Category | Stative Verbs | বাংলা |
Emotion | love, hate, like, dislike, prefer, want, wish, desire, fear, adore, mind | ভালোবাসা, ঘৃণা করা, পছন্দ করা... |
Mental State | know, believe, understand, think (=believe), remember, forget, recognize, realize, doubt | জানা, বিশ্বাস করা, বোঝা... |
Senses | see, hear, smell, taste, feel (involuntary) | দেখা, শোনা, গন্ধ পাওয়া... |
Possession | have (=own), own, belong, possess, contain, consist of | থাকা, মালিক হওয়া, ধারণ করা... |
Measurement | weigh, cost, measure, equal, depend on | ওজন করা, দাম হওয়া... |
Appearance | look, appear, seem, resemble, sound | দেখানো, মনে হওয়া... |
✘ TRAP / WARNING |
TRAP: Stative Verbs-এ Continuous Tense ব্যবহার ভুল। ✘ I am knowing the answer. ✔ I know the answer. ✘ She is loving him. ✔ She loves him. EXCEPTION: কিছু Stative Verb Dynamic হতে পারে: think (state): I think you are right. (believe) think (action): She is thinking about the problem. (using her mind) have (state): She has a car. (possess) have (action): She is having lunch. (eating) |
3. Verb Forms — ক্রিয়ার রূপ (V1/V2/V3/V4/V5)
FORMULA / STRUCTURE |
V1 = Base Form / Infinitive: write, go, eat V2 = Simple Past: wrote, went, ate V3 = Past Participle: written, gone, eaten V4 = Present Participle / Gerund: writing, going, eating (V1 + ing) V5 = 3rd Person Singular Present: writes, goes, eats (V1 + s/es) |
3.1 Regular Verbs — নিয়মিত ক্রিয়া
V1 (Base) | V2 (Past) | V3 (Past Participle) | V4 (V-ing) | V5 (3rd Pers.) |
walk | walked | walked | walking | walks |
talk | talked | talked | talking | talks |
play | played | played | playing | plays |
love | loved | loved | loving | loves |
stop | stopped | stopped | stopping | stops |
study | studied | studied | studying | studies |
carry | carried | carried | carrying | carries |
try | tried | tried | trying | tries |
admit | admitted | admitted | admitting | admits |
prefer | preferred | preferred | preferring | prefers |
3.2 Irregular Verbs — অনিয়মিত ক্রিয়া (Most Tested)
V1 | V2 | V3 | বাংলা |
be | was/were | been | হওয়া |
beat | beat | beaten | মারা, পরাজিত করা |
become | became | become | হওয়া |
begin | began | begun | শুরু করা |
bite | bit | bitten | কামড়ানো |
blow | blew | blown | ফুঁ দেওয়া/বাতাস বওয়া |
break | broke | broken | ভাঙা |
bring | brought | brought | নিয়ে আসা |
build | built | built | নির্মাণ করা |
burn | burnt/burned | burnt/burned | পোড়া |
buy | bought | bought | কেনা |
catch | caught | caught | ধরা |
choose | chose | chosen | বেছে নেওয়া |
come | came | come | আসা |
cost | cost | cost | দাম হওয়া/লাগা |
cut | cut | cut | কাটা |
deal | dealt | dealt | মোকাবেলা করা |
dig | dug | dug | খোঁড়া |
do | did | done | করা |
draw | drew | drawn | আঁকা |
drink | drank | drunk | পান করা |
drive | drove | driven | গাড়ি চালানো |
eat | ate | eaten | খাওয়া |
fall | fell | fallen | পড়া |
feed | fed | fed | খাওয়ানো |
feel | felt | felt | অনুভব করা |
fight | fought | fought | লড়াই করা |
find | found | found | খুঁজে পাওয়া |
fly | flew | flown | উড়া |
forget | forgot | forgotten | ভুলে যাওয়া |
forgive | forgave | forgiven | ক্ষমা করা |
freeze | froze | frozen | জমাট বাঁধা |
get | got | got/gotten | পাওয়া |
give | gave | given | দেওয়া |
go | went | gone | যাওয়া |
grow | grew | grown | বাড়া/জন্মানো |
hang | hung/hanged | hung/hanged | ঝোলানো/ফাঁসি দেওয়া |
have | had | had | থাকা/খাওয়া |
hear | heard | heard | শোনা |
hide | hid | hidden | লুকানো |
hit | hit | hit | আঘাত করা |
hold | held | held | ধরা |
hurt | hurt | hurt | আঘাত/কষ্ট দেওয়া |
keep | kept | kept | রাখা |
know | knew | known | জানা |
lay | laid | laid | শোয়ানো/রাখা |
lead | led | led | নেতৃত্ব দেওয়া |
leave | left | left | চলে যাওয়া/ছেড়ে দেওয়া |
lend | lent | lent | ধার দেওয়া |
let | let | let | অনুমতি দেওয়া |
lie | lay | lain | শোয়া (নিজে) |
lose | lost | lost | হারানো |
make | made | made | তৈরি করা |
mean | meant | meant | অর্থ করা |
meet | met | met | দেখা করা |
pay | paid | paid | দেওয়া (টাকা) |
put | put | put | রাখা |
read | read | read | পড়া |
ride | rode | ridden | চড়া |
ring | rang | rung | বাজানো |
rise | rose | risen | ওঠা |
run | ran | run | দৌড়ানো |
say | said | said | বলা |
see | saw | seen | দেখা |
sell | sold | sold | বিক্রি করা |
send | sent | sent | পাঠানো |
set | set | set | রাখা/নির্ধারণ করা |
shake | shook | shaken | ঝাঁকানো |
shine | shone | shone | চকচক করা |
show | showed | shown | দেখানো |
shrink | shrank | shrunk | সংকুচিত হওয়া |
shut | shut | shut | বন্ধ করা |
sing | sang | sung | গান গাওয়া |
sit | sat | sat | বসা |
sleep | slept | slept | ঘুমানো |
speak | spoke | spoken | কথা বলা |
spend | spent | spent | ব্যয় করা |
stand | stood | stood | দাঁড়ানো |
steal | stole | stolen | চুরি করা |
strike | struck | struck/stricken | আঘাত করা |
swear | swore | sworn | শপথ করা |
swim | swam | swum | সাঁতার কাটা |
take | took | taken | নেওয়া |
teach | taught | taught | শেখানো |
tear | tore | torn | ছেঁড়া |
tell | told | told | বলা |
think | thought | thought | ভাবা |
throw | threw | thrown | ছোড়া |
understand | understood | understood | বোঝা |
wake | woke | woken | ঘুম থেকে জাগা |
wear | wore | worn | পরা |
win | won | won | জেতা |
write | wrote | written | লেখা |
3.3 Commonly Confused Irregular Verbs
Verb | V1 | V2 | V3 | বিশেষ নোট |
lie (শোয়া) | lie | lay | lain | Intransitive — lie down |
lay (শোয়ানো) | lay | laid | laid | Transitive — lay eggs/bricks |
rise (ওঠা) | rise | rose | risen | Intransitive — the sun rises |
raise (তোলা) | raise | raised | raised | Transitive — raise your hand |
sit (বসা) | sit | sat | sat | Intransitive |
set (রাখা) | set | set | set | Transitive — set the table |
hang (ঝোলানো) | hang | hung | hung | Objects — hung a picture |
hang (ফাঁসি) | hang | hanged | hanged | People — he was hanged |
flee (পালানো) | flee | fled | fled | Not "fleed" |
ring (বাজানো) | ring | rang | rung | ring→rang→rung; not "ringed" |
4. Non-Finite Verbs — Infinitive, Gerund & Participle
FORMULA / STRUCTURE |
Non-Finite Verb: Subject ও Tense অনুযায়ী রূপ বদলায় না। 3 Types: (1) Infinitive (to + V1) (2) Gerund (V-ing as Noun) (3) Participle (V-ing / V3 as Adj) |
4.1 Infinitive (to + V1)
Function | Example | বাংলা |
Subject | To err is human. | ভুল করা মানবিক। |
Object | She wants to succeed. | সে সফল হতে চায়। |
Complement | Her dream is to become a doctor. | তার স্বপ্ন ডাক্তার হওয়া। |
Adjective | He has work to do. | তার করার কাজ আছে। |
Adverb (purpose) | She studies to learn. | সে শিখতে পড়াশোনা করে। |
After adjectives | She is eager to help. | সে সাহায্য করতে আগ্রহী। |
Bare Infinitive | Let him go. / She made me cry. | তাকে যেতে দাও। / সে আমাকে কাঁদাল। |
★ NOTE |
Verbs followed by Bare Infinitive (without "to"): Let, make, bid, have (causative), see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, help (sometimes) ✔ She made him cry. / They saw her dance. / Let me go. ✘ She made him to cry. |
11. [Infinitive [Subject]]
To forgive is divine.
Rule: To forgive = Infinitive as Subject।
➤ ক্ষমা করা দৈব গুণ।
12. [Infinitive [Purpose]]
He left early to catch the train.
Rule: to catch = Infinitive of purpose।
➤ ট্রেন ধরতে সে আগে চলে গেল।
13. [Bare Infinitive]
She heard him sing the national anthem.
Rule: heard + bare infinitive (sing, not "to sing")।
➤ সে তাকে জাতীয় সঙ্গীত গাইতে শুনল।
4.2 Gerund (V-ing used as Noun)
Function | Example | বাংলা |
Subject | Swimming is good exercise. | সাঁতার কাটা ভালো ব্যায়াম। |
Object | She enjoys reading. | সে পড়তে উপভোগ করে। |
After preposition | He left without saying goodbye. | সে বিদায় না জানিয়ে চলে গেল। |
Subject complement | Her hobby is painting. | তার শখ আঁকা। |
After some verbs | He avoided answering. | সে উত্তর দেওয়া এড়িয়ে গেল। |
★ NOTE |
Verbs followed by GERUND only: avoid, enjoy, mind, miss, suggest, finish, keep, deny, admit, consider, practice, delay, stop, risk, involve, postpone, recommend, propose, imagine, appreciate Verbs followed by INFINITIVE only: want, wish, hope, plan, decide, refuse, agree, expect, offer, seem, appear, fail, manage, tend, intend, promise, arrange, afford, forget (future), remember (future) Verbs followed by BOTH (meaning may differ): start, begin, continue, like, love, hate, prefer, stop, try, forget, remember, regret, mean, go on |
14. [Gerund [Subject]]
Running every morning keeps him fit.
Rule: Running = Gerund as Subject।
➤ প্রতিদিন সকালে দৌড়ানো তাকে সুস্থ রাখে।
15. [Gerund [After preposition]]
She is good at managing people.
Rule: at = preposition; managing = Gerund।
➤ সে মানুষ পরিচালনায় দক্ষ।
16. [Gerund vs Infinitive [stop]]
He stopped smoking. / He stopped to smoke.
Rule: stopped + gerund = gave up; stopped + infinitive = paused।
➤ সে ধূমপান ছেড়ে দিল। / সে ধূমপান করতে থামল।
17. [Gerund vs Infinitive [remember]]
Remember to post the letter. / I remember posting it.
Rule: remember + infinitive = future task; + gerund = past event।
➤ চিঠিটা পোস্ট করতে মনে রেখো। / আমার মনে আছে পোস্ট করেছিলাম।
4.3 Participle (V-ing / V3 as Adjective)
Type | Function | Example | বাংলা |
Present Participle (V-ing) | Active / Ongoing | The sleeping cat looks peaceful. | ঘুমন্ত বিড়ালটি শান্তিপূর্ণ দেখাচ্ছে। |
Present Participle (V-ing) | Adverbial phrase | Seeing the dog, she ran. | কুকুরটা দেখে সে দৌড়াল। |
Past Participle (V3) | Passive | The broken window was repaired. | ভাঙা জানালাটি মেরামত করা হলো। |
Past Participle (V3) | Perfect participle | Having finished, she left. | শেষ করে সে চলে গেল। |
✘ TRAP / WARNING |
DANGLING PARTICIPLE: Participle phrase-এর subject ও main clause-এর subject একই হতে হবে। ✘ Wrong: Walking down the street, the trees looked beautiful. (trees cannot walk) ✔ Correct: Walking down the street, I saw beautiful trees. |
18. [Present Participle [adv]]
Having studied for ten hours, he felt confident.
Rule: Having + V3 = Perfect Participle (before main action)।
➤ দশ ঘণ্টা পড়াশোনা করে সে আত্মবিশ্বাসী অনুভব করল।
19. [Past Participle [adj]]
The report submitted by the team was excellent.
Rule: submitted = Past Participle modifying "report"।
➤ দলের জমা দেওয়া রিপোর্টটি চমৎকার ছিল।
5. Subject-Verb Agreement — কর্তা-ক্রিয়ার সামঞ্জস্য
Subject-Verb Agreement মানে Subject অনুযায়ী Verb-এর সঠিক রূপ নির্বাচন করা। BCS ও Bank Job পরীক্ষায় এটি সবচেয়ে বেশি আসে।
FORMULA / STRUCTURE |
Golden Rule: Singular Subject → Singular Verb (V+s/es); Plural Subject → Plural Verb (V1 without s/es)। |
5.1 Basic Rules with Examples
Rule | Correct Form | Example |
Singular Subject → V+s/es | She writes / He goes | She writes poems every day. |
Plural Subject → V (base) | They write / We go | They write poems every day. |
Two Subjects with "and" → Plural | S1 and S2 + plural V | Tom and Jerry are characters. |
Two Subjects (same person/thing) with "and" → Singular | The teacher and guide is/was... | The teacher and guide of our school is Mr. Ahmed. |
"Each/Every/Either/Neither" + singular noun → singular V | Each student is... | Each of the students has a book. |
"Neither...nor / Either...or" → V agrees with nearer subject | Either he or they are... | Either he or his friends are responsible. |
Collective Noun (unit) → Singular V | The team is... | The committee has decided. |
Collective Noun (individuals) → Plural V | The team are... | The jury are divided in their opinions. |
Indefinite pronouns → Singular V | Everyone is... | Somebody has taken my pen. |
Relative Pronoun → agrees with antecedent | One of the boys who is... | She is one of the girls who are selected. |
5.2 Tricky Agreement Rules
Tricky Case | Rule | Correct Example |
"Bread and butter" | Usually a single concept → Singular | Bread and butter is my favourite breakfast. |
"News, Mathematics, Physics, Economics" | Plural in form but Singular in meaning | The news is shocking. / Physics is difficult. |
"A number of" vs "The number of" | "A number of" → Plural; "The number of" → Singular | A number of students are absent. / The number of students is large. |
"Many a + singular noun" | → Singular Verb | Many a student fails every year. |
"More than one" | → Singular Verb | More than one student is absent. |
"Each of / One of" | → Singular Verb | Each of the boys has a pencil. |
"Who" as Relative Pronoun | Agrees with antecedent | I who am your teacher know this. |
"The + Adjective (group)" | → Plural Verb | The poor are often neglected. |
"Majority/Minority" | Usually Plural | The majority of voters are in favour. |
"Either/Neither" alone (pronoun) | → Singular | Neither of them was present. |
"As well as / Along with / Together with" | V agrees with 1st subject | He, as well as his friends, is present. |
"With / Along with" | V agrees with 1st subject | The captain, with all his crew, was saved. |
"Not only...but also" | V agrees with nearer subject | Not only the students but also the teacher was surprised. |
Arithmetic operations | Treated as Singular | Two plus two is four. / Five times five equals twenty-five. |
Fractions + "of" | Agrees with noun after "of" | Two-thirds of the water is gone. / Two-thirds of the students are present. |
20. [Agreement [as well as]]
The director, as well as the actors, is attending the premiere.
Rule: "as well as" ignore করো — verb agrees with 1st subject (director = singular → is)।
➤ পরিচালক, অভিনেতাদের সাথে, উদ্বোধনীতে উপস্থিত আছেন।
21. [Agreement [Each of]]
Each of the participating nations has submitted its proposal.
Rule: "Each of" + plural noun → singular verb (has)।
➤ অংশগ্রহণকারী প্রতিটি দেশ তার প্রস্তাব জমা দিয়েছে।
22. [Agreement [Neither...nor]]
Neither the manager nor the employees were satisfied.
Rule: "Neither...nor" → verb agrees with nearer subject (employees = plural → were)।
➤ না ম্যানেজার না কর্মচারীরা সন্তুষ্ট ছিল।
23. [Agreement [Many a]]
Many a talented student fails due to anxiety.
Rule: "Many a + singular noun" → singular verb (fails)।
➤ অনেক মেধাবী শিক্ষার্থী উদ্বেগের কারণে ফেল করে।
24. [Agreement [A number of]]
A number of complaints have been received by the authority.
Rule: "A number of" = many → plural verb (have)।
➤ কর্তৃপক্ষ অনেক অভিযোগ পেয়েছে।
25. [Agreement [The news]]
The news of the earthquake was devastating.
Rule: "News" = singular in meaning → singular verb (was)।
➤ ভূমিকম্পের খবরটি বিধ্বংসী ছিল।
26. [Agreement [One of]]
She is one of the students who have been selected.
Rule: "who" refers to "students" (plural) → have (plural)।
➤ সে নির্বাচিত শিক্ষার্থীদের মধ্যে একজন।
27. [Agreement [The + Adj]]
The rich do not always understand the struggles of the poor.
Rule: "The rich / The poor" = plural group → plural verb (do)।
➤ ধনীরা সবসময় গরিবদের কষ্ট বোঝে না।
28. [Agreement [Collective Noun]]
The committee has reached a unanimous decision.
Rule: Committee = unit/one body → singular (has)।
➤ কমিটি সর্বসম্মত সিদ্ধান্তে পৌঁছেছে।
29. [Agreement [Fractions]]
Three-quarters of the budget is spent on infrastructure.
Rule: "of the budget" (singular) → singular verb (is)।
➤ বাজেটের তিন-চতুর্থাংশ অবকাঠামোতে ব্যয় হয়।
6. Modal Verbs — মডেল ক্রিয়া (Detailed Usage)
FORMULA / STRUCTURE |
Modals never change form: Modal-এর পরে সবসময় Base Verb (V1) ব্যবহার হয়। No -s/-es, no -ing, no -ed form for modals. Double modals: দুটি modal একসাথে আসে না (✘ He can might go)। |
6.1 Can / Could
Meaning | Can (Present/General) | Could (Past/Polite/Conditional) |
Ability | She can play the violin. | She could run faster when she was young. |
Possibility | It can be very cold in December. | It could be true. |
Permission (informal) | Can I use your pen? | Could I use your pen? (more polite) |
Request | Can you help me? | Could you help me? (politer) |
Suggestion | We can try a different approach. | We could try a different approach. |
Conditional | — | If I had time, I could visit you. |
6.2 May / Might
Meaning | May (Present/Formal) | Might (Past/Less Probable) |
Possibility | It may rain today. | It might rain — sky is clear. |
Permission (formal) | May I come in? | Might I ask a question? (very formal) |
Wish/Prayer | May God bless you! | — |
Reported/Past | — | She said it might snow. |
Weak possibility | — | He might be at home (less certain). |
6.3 Shall / Will / Should / Would
Modal | Main Uses | Examples |
shall | Future (formal/1st person) / Obligation / Offer | I shall return. / You shall not pass. / Shall I help? |
will | Future (all persons) / Promise / Determination / Habitual | She will arrive at 5. / I will succeed. / He will not listen. |
should | Advice / Duty / Expectation / Conditional | You should rest. / He should be here by now. / Should you see him, tell him. |
would | Past habit / Polite request / Conditional / Wish | He would walk daily. / Would you help me? / I would go if... / Would that I were young! |
6.4 Must / Have to / Need / Dare / Used to / Ought to
Modal | Meaning | Example |
must (obligation) | Strong necessity / obligation | You must submit the form today. |
must (deduction) | Logical certainty | She must be tired — she worked 12 hours. |
mustn't | Prohibition (not allowed) | You mustn't smoke here. |
don't have to | No obligation (not necessary) | You don't have to come if you're busy. |
need to | Necessity | You need to see a doctor. |
needn't / need not | No necessity | He needn't worry about it. |
dare (modal) | Courage in negative/question | He dare not challenge me. / How dare you! |
used to | Past habit (no longer) | He used to play cricket in school. |
ought to | Moral obligation / expectation | You ought to respect your elders. |
✘ TRAP / WARNING |
TRAP 1: "Must not" = forbidden (not allowed); "Need not" = not necessary। ✘ You mustn't eat here (wrong if food is allowed but not required). TRAP 2: "Used to + V1" = past habit; "Be used to + V-ing" = accustomed to। ✘ I am used to wake up early. ✔ I am used to waking up early. TRAP 3: "Dare" as modal (dare not) vs "dare" as main verb (dares/dared)। Modal: He dare not speak. Main: He doesn't dare (to) speak. |
30. [Modal [Must — deduction]]
She must be very intelligent to solve such problems.
Rule: must = logical deduction/certainty।
➤ তাকে অবশ্যই খুব বুদ্ধিমান হতে হবে এমন সমস্যা সমাধান করতে।
31. [Modal [Should — expectation]]
The package should arrive by Tuesday.
Rule: should = expectation based on schedule।
➤ পার্সেলটি মঙ্গলবারের মধ্যে পৌঁছানোর কথা।
32. [Modal [Would — past habit]]
During his student days, he would read for hours.
Rule: would = past habitual action।
➤ তার ছাত্রজীবনে সে ঘণ্টার পর ঘণ্টা পড়ত।
33. [Modal [May — wish]]
May your efforts be rewarded!
Rule: May = prayer/blessing।
➤ তোমার প্রচেষ্টা পুরস্কৃত হোক!
34. [Modal [Needn't]]
You needn't submit the form — they already have your data.
Rule: needn't = no obligation/not necessary।
➤ তোমাকে ফর্ম জমা দেওয়ার দরকার নেই — তাদের কাছে ইতোমধ্যে তোমার তথ্য আছে।
7. Important Verb Patterns — গুরুত্বপূর্ণ Verb ব্যবহারের নিয়ম
7.1 Verb + Gerund vs Verb + Infinitive
Gerund Only (V + V-ing) | Infinitive Only (V + to + V1) | Both (meaning may differ) |
enjoy, avoid, mind, miss | want, wish, hope, plan | like, love, hate, prefer |
suggest, propose, recommend | decide, refuse, agree | start, begin, continue |
finish, keep, practice | expect, manage, fail | stop, try, remember, forget |
admit, deny, confess | seem, appear, tend | mean, go on, regret |
delay, postpone, risk | offer, promise, intend | need (gerund=passive; inf=active) |
7.2 Verb + Object + Bare Infinitive
★ NOTE |
Verbs: see, watch, hear, feel, notice, observe, let, make, have, help (sometimes) Pattern: Subject + V + Object + Bare Infinitive (no "to") ✔ I saw him cross the road. / She made him apologize. / Let her speak. Passive: Bare → "to" appears: He was made to apologize. |
7.3 Verb + Object + Infinitive (with "to")
★ NOTE |
Verbs: want, ask, tell, order, allow, advise, force, encourage, expect, invite, warn, persuade, enable, need, help Pattern: Subject + V + Object + to + V1 ✔ She told him to leave. / They asked us to wait. / He warned her to be careful. |
7.4 Verb + Object + Past Participle (V3)
★ NOTE |
Verbs: have, get, want, like, need, find, keep Pattern: Subject + have/get + Object + V3 (Causative Passive sense) ✔ She had her car repaired. / He got his hair cut. / I need this translated. |
7.5 Preposition after Verb — Important List
Verb + Preposition | বাংলা অর্থ | Example |
agree with (person) | কোনো ব্যক্তির সাথে একমত | I agree with you. |
agree to (plan) | কোনো পরিকল্পনায় সম্মত | She agreed to the proposal. |
angry with (person) | কাউকে নিয়ে রাগ | She is angry with him. |
angry at/about (thing) | কিছু নিয়ে রাগ | He is angry at the decision. |
apologize for | ক্ষমা চাওয়া | He apologized for his mistake. |
apply for (job) | আবেদন করা | She applied for the position. |
believe in | বিশ্বাস রাখা | He believes in hard work. |
blame for | দোষ দেওয়া | They blamed her for the failure. |
care for/about | যত্ন নেওয়া | She cares for her parents. |
comply with | মেনে চলা | All must comply with the rules. |
consist of | গঠিত হওয়া | The team consists of ten members. |
deal with | সামলানো | He deals with customer complaints. |
depend on | নির্ভর করা | Success depends on hard work. |
die of (disease) | রোগে মারা | He died of cancer. |
die from (accident) | দুর্ঘটনায় মারা | She died from a car accident. |
differ from | আলাদা হওয়া | This differs from the original. |
disapprove of | অনুমোদন না করা | She disapproves of violence. |
divide into | ভাগ করা | Divide the class into groups. |
dream of/about | স্বপ্ন দেখা | She dreams of becoming a pilot. |
engage in | নিয়োজিত হওয়া | He engages in volunteer work. |
excel in/at | শ্রেষ্ঠ হওয়া | She excels in mathematics. |
fail in/at | ব্যর্থ হওয়া | He failed in the exam. |
familiar with | পরিচিত | Are you familiar with this rule? |
focus on | মনোযোগ দেওয়া | Focus on your studies. |
guilty of | দোষী | He was found guilty of theft. |
insist on | জোর দেওয়া | She insisted on going alone. |
interested in | আগ্রহী | She is interested in art. |
invest in | বিনিয়োগ করা | They invested in real estate. |
laugh at | উপহাস করা | Don't laugh at others' mistakes. |
listen to | শোনা | Listen to the teacher carefully. |
look after | দেখাশোনা করা | She looks after her grandparents. |
look for | খোঁজা | I'm looking for my keys. |
look forward to + V-ing | অপেক্ষায় থাকা | I look forward to meeting you. |
object to + V-ing | আপত্তি করা | He objected to waiting too long. |
pay for | দাম দেওয়া | She paid for the groceries. |
prefer to | পছন্দ করা | I prefer tea to coffee. |
proud of | গর্বিত | She is proud of her children. |
provide with | সরবরাহ করা | The school provides students with books. |
rely on | নির্ভর করা | We rely on renewable energy. |
search for | খোঁজা | Police searched for the missing child. |
succeed in + V-ing | সফল হওয়া | She succeeded in passing the exam. |
suffer from | ভোগা | He suffers from asthma. |
take care of | যত্ন নেওয়া | Please take care of yourself. |
think about/of | চিন্তা করা | I'm thinking about the offer. |
tired of | ক্লান্ত | She is tired of waiting. |
worry about | চিন্তিত | Don't worry about the result. |
8. Causative Verbs — Have / Make / Let / Get / Help
FORMULA / STRUCTURE |
Causative Verb: অন্য কাউকে দিয়ে কোনো কাজ করানো — নিজে করা নয়। 4 Key Causative Verbs: have, make, let, get |
Verb | Structure | Meaning | Example |
have (active) | have + Object + V1 (base) | অন্যকে কিছু করাও | She had the students clean the room. |
have (passive) | have + Object + V3 | কোনো কিছু করিয়ে নাও | She had her hair cut. |
make | make + Object + V1 (base) | জোর করে করাও | He made me apologize. |
let | let + Object + V1 (base) | অনুমতি দাও | Let her go. |
get (active) | get + Object + to + V1 | রাজি করাও | She got him to sign the form. |
get (passive) | get + Object + V3 | কোনো কিছু করিয়ে নাও | She got the car repaired. |
help (active) | help + Object + V1 or to + V1 | সাহায্য করো | He helped me (to) understand. |
✘ TRAP / WARNING |
TRAP 1: "make" + Object + Bare Infinitive (to ছাড়া) ✘ She made him to cry. ✔ She made him cry. TRAP 2: "get" + Object + to + V1 (to সহ) ✘ She got him sign the form. ✔ She got him to sign the form. TRAP 3: Passive of "make" → "to" appears: He was made to work hard. |
35. [Causative [have]]
The principal had the teachers revise the syllabus.
Rule: had + teachers (object) + revise (bare V1)।
➤ প্রধান শিক্ষক শিক্ষকদের সিলেবাস পুনর্বিবেচনা করালেন।
36. [Causative [have-passive]]
He had his suit dry-cleaned before the interview.
Rule: had + his suit (object) + dry-cleaned (V3) — কাউকে দিয়ে করানো।
➤ সাক্ষাৎকারের আগে সে তার স্যুট ড্রাই ক্লিন করাল।
37. [Causative [make]]
The strict teacher made the class stay silent.
Rule: made + class (object) + stay (bare V1)।
➤ কঠোর শিক্ষক ক্লাসকে চুপ থাকতে বাধ্য করলেন।
38. [Causative [let]]
Please let the students express their opinions freely.
Rule: let + students (object) + express (bare V1)।
➤ দয়া করে শিক্ষার্থীদের মতামত প্রকাশ করতে দিন।
39. [Causative [get]]
She got the contractor to fix the leaking roof.
Rule: got + contractor (object) + to fix (to + V1)।
➤ সে ঠিকাদারকে দিয়ে ছাদের ফুটো ঠিক করাল।
9. Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal Verb = Verb + Particle (preposition বা adverb) — মিলিত হয়ে নতুন অর্থ তৈরি করে।
Phrasal Verb | অর্থ | Example |
break down | ভেঙে পড়া / অচল হওয়া | The car broke down on the highway. |
break into | জোর করে প্রবেশ করা | Thieves broke into the office. |
break out | ছড়িয়ে পড়া (যুদ্ধ/রোগ) | A fire broke out in the warehouse. |
break up | বিচ্ছেদ হওয়া / ভেঙে দেওয়া | They broke up after a long relationship. |
bring about | কারণ হওয়া | Technology brought about major changes. |
bring up | লালন-পালন করা / উত্থাপন করা | She was brought up by her grandparents. |
call off | বাতিল করা | The match was called off due to rain. |
call on | সফর করা / অনুরোধ করা | The minister called on the hospital patients. |
carry on | চালিয়ে যাওয়া | Carry on with your work. |
carry out | সম্পন্ন করা | They carried out the research successfully. |
come across | হঠাৎ পাওয়া/দেখা | She came across an old letter in the attic. |
come up with | উদ্ভাবন করা | He came up with a brilliant idea. |
cut down (on) | হ্রাস করা | You should cut down on sugar. |
deal with | সামলানো | She deals with complaints professionally. |
die out | বিলুপ্ত হওয়া | Many species are dying out. |
fall apart | ভেঙে পড়া (সম্পর্ক/বস্তু) | Their friendship fell apart. |
fall back on | ফলব্যাক হিসেবে ব্যবহার করা | She fell back on her savings. |
get across | বোঝানো | He struggled to get his point across. |
get along with | ভালো সম্পর্ক রাখা | She gets along with her colleagues. |
get over | সুস্থ হওয়া / কাটিয়ে ওঠা | It took months to get over the loss. |
get rid of | মুক্তি পাওয়া | We need to get rid of this old furniture. |
give away | বিনামূল্যে দেওয়া / ফাঁস করা | She gave away the surprise. |
give in | হার মানা | He refused to give in. |
give up | ছেড়ে দেওয়া | She gave up smoking. |
go through | অনুভব করা / পরীক্ষা করা | She went through a difficult time. |
hold on | অপেক্ষা করা | Hold on, I'll be right there. |
keep up with | তাল মেলানো | It's hard to keep up with technology. |
let down | হতাশ করা | Don't let your friends down. |
look after | দেখাশোনা করা | She looks after her elderly parents. |
look down on | তাচ্ছিল্য করা | He looks down on those less fortunate. |
look forward to | অপেক্ষায় থাকা (উৎসাহে) | I look forward to meeting you. |
look into | তদন্ত করা | Police are looking into the case. |
look out for | সতর্ক থাকা | Look out for suspicious activity. |
look up to | সম্মান করা | Students look up to their mentors. |
make out | বোঝা / সফল হওয়া | I couldn't make out what he said. |
make up | মিলিয়ে নেওয়া / মিথ্যা বলা | He made up an excuse for being late. |
make up for | ক্ষতিপূরণ করা | She worked overtime to make up for lost time. |
pick up | শেখা / তুলে নেওয়া | He picked up Spanish quickly. |
point out | উল্লেখ করা | She pointed out the flaws in the plan. |
put off | স্থগিত করা | Don't put off what you can do today. |
put up with | সহ্য করা | She put up with his rude behaviour. |
run into | হঠাৎ দেখা হওয়া | I ran into my old friend at the airport. |
run out of | শেষ হয়ে যাওয়া | We've run out of time. |
set off | যাত্রা শুরু করা | They set off at dawn. |
set up | প্রতিষ্ঠা করা | She set up her own business. |
stand by | সমর্থন করা / অপেক্ষা করা | I'll always stand by you. |
stand for | প্রতিনিধিত্ব করা / সহ্য করা | UN stands for United Nations. |
take after | সাদৃশ্য থাকা | She takes after her mother. |
take off | উড়ে যাওয়া / খুলে ফেলা | The plane took off on time. |
take over | দায়িত্ব নেওয়া | She took over the management. |
take up | শুরু করা (নতুন কাজ) | He took up photography. |
turn down | প্রত্যাখ্যান করা | She turned down the job offer. |
turn out | পরিণত হওয়া / উপস্থিত হওয়া | The event turned out to be a success. |
turn up | হঠাৎ আসা / বাড়ানো | He turned up without warning. |
work out | সমাধান করা / ব্যায়াম করা | They worked out a plan together. |
10. Common Verb Errors — সাধারণ ভুল ও সংশোধন
✘ Wrong | ✔ Correct | Rule |
She is knowing the answer. | She knows the answer. | Stative |
He suggested to go there. | He suggested going there. | V+Ger |
She made him to cry. | She made him cry. | Causative |
He avoided to meet her. | He avoided meeting her. | V+Ger |
She is used to wake early. | She is used to waking early. | used to |
I am agree with you. | I agree with you. | No "am" with agree |
He is a teacher since 2010. | He has been a teacher since 2010. | Present Perf. |
She suggested that he should to go. | She suggested that he go (subjunctive). | Suggest+Subj |
Each of the boys have a pen. | Each of the boys has a pen. | Agreement |
He is senior than me. | He is senior to me. | Latin comp. |
The news are shocking. | The news is shocking. | Singular noun |
She prefers tea than coffee. | She prefers tea to coffee. | prefer+to |
He was ran over by a truck. | He was run over by a truck. | ran→run (V3) |
She lied the book on the table. | She laid the book on the table. | lay/lie |
The sun has risen in the east. | The sun rises in the east. | Universal truth |
He doesn't knows the answer. | He doesn't know the answer. | do+V1 |
She had went before I arrived. | She had gone before I arrived. | went→gone (V3) |
He let me to go. | He let me go. | let+bare inf. |
I enjoyed to dance. | I enjoyed dancing. | enjoy+Gerund |
She is wanting to meet you. | She wants to meet you. | Stative verb |
He dare not to speak. | He dare not speak. | dare(modal)+bare |
They were seen to run fast. | They were seen to run fast. (✔) | Correct passive! |
He got his car fix. | He got his car fixed. | get+O+V3 |
She need not to go. | She need not go. | need(modal)+bare |
The committee are unanimous. | The committee is unanimous. | Coll.Noun-unit |
11. Extensive Solved Examples
A. Verb Forms in Sentences:
40. [Irregular V2]
The investigator found key evidence at the crime scene.
Rule: found = V2 of "find" (Simple Past)।
➤ তদন্তকারী অপরাধস্থলে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ প্রমাণ খুঁজে পেলেন।
41. [Irregular V3]
All the documents had been shredded before the inspection.
Rule: shredded = V3 used in Past Perfect Passive।
➤ পরিদর্শনের আগেই সমস্ত নথি টুকরো করা হয়ে গিয়েছিল।
42. [V5 — 3rd person]
The government allocates a budget for education every year.
Rule: allocates = V1 + s (3rd person singular, Simple Present)।
➤ সরকার প্রতি বছর শিক্ষার জন্য বাজেট বরাদ্দ করে।
43. [Gerund as Subject]
Providing quality healthcare is the state's responsibility.
Rule: Providing = Gerund (V-ing) acting as Subject।
➤ মানসম্পন্ন স্বাস্থ্যসেবা প্রদান করা রাষ্ট্রের দায়িত্ব।
44. [Infinitive of purpose]
She enrolled in the course to improve her analytical skills.
Rule: to improve = Infinitive of purpose।
➤ বিশ্লেষণ দক্ষতা উন্নত করতে সে কোর্সে ভর্তি হলো।
45. [Participial phrase]
Encouraged by her mentor, she applied for the scholarship.
Rule: Encouraged = Past Participial phrase (passive meaning)।
➤ পরামর্শদাতার উৎসাহে সে বৃত্তির জন্য আবেদন করল।
B. Subject-Verb Agreement:
46. [Agreement [As well as]]
The CEO, as well as the board members, is responsible for the decision.
Rule: as well as = parenthetical; V agrees with CEO (singular → is)।
➤ সিইও, বোর্ড সদস্যদের পাশাপাশি, সিদ্ধান্তের জন্য দায়বদ্ধ।
47. [Agreement [Neither...nor]]
Neither the reports nor the presentation was ready on time.
Rule: V agrees with nearer subject (presentation = singular → was)।
➤ না রিপোর্ট না উপস্থাপনা সময়মতো প্রস্তুত ছিল।
48. [Agreement [One of the...who]]
He is one of the scientists who have contributed to this research.
Rule: who refers to scientists (plural) → have।
➤ সে গবেষণায় অবদান রাখা বিজ্ঞানীদের একজন।
49. [Agreement [Collective Noun]]
The jury was divided on the verdict.
Rule: jury = unit → singular (was)। But: The jury were arguing = individuals।
➤ জুরি রায় নিয়ে বিভক্ত ছিল।
50. [Agreement [Either...or]]
Either the students or the teacher is mistaken.
Rule: V agrees with nearer subject (teacher = singular → is)।
➤ হয় শিক্ষার্থীরা অথবা শিক্ষক ভুল করেছেন।
C. Modal Verbs:
51. [Modal [Can vs May]]
Can I borrow your laptop? / May I leave early, sir?
Rule: can = informal; may = formal (BCS formal writing-এ "may")।
➤ আমি কি তোমার ল্যাপটপ ধার নিতে পারি? / স্যার, কি আমি তাড়াতাড়ি যেতে পারি?
52. [Modal [Should vs Must]]
You should consult a doctor. / You must pay the fine.
Rule: should = advice; must = strong obligation।
➤ তোমার ডাক্তার দেখানো উচিত। / তোমাকে জরিমানা দিতেই হবে।
53. [Modal [Would — past habit]]
Every evening, she would sit by the window and read.
Rule: would = past habit (more literary than "used to")।
➤ প্রতি সন্ধ্যায় সে জানালার পাশে বসে পড়ত।
54. [Modal [Might — reported]]
He said that the results might be delayed.
Rule: might = backshifted "may" in indirect speech।
➤ সে বললো ফলাফল বিলম্বিত হতে পারে।
D. Transitive/Intransitive/Linking:
55. [Linking Verb [taste]]
The medicine tastes bitter. (Linking) / He tasted the medicine. (Action)
Rule: tastes (linking) + adj (bitter); tasted (action) + object।
➤ ওষুধটা তেতো স্বাদের। / সে ওষুধের স্বাদ নিল।
56. [Linking Verb [seem]]
The situation seems hopeless to most observers.
Rule: seems = Linking Verb; hopeless = Adjective complement।
➤ বেশিরভাগ পর্যবেক্ষকের কাছে পরিস্থিতি আশাহীন মনে হচ্ছে।
57. [Transitive vs Intransitive [run]]
She runs a successful company. / She runs daily.
Rule: run = Transitive (company=object) vs Intransitive (no object)।
➤ সে একটি সফল কোম্পানি পরিচালনা করে। / সে প্রতিদিন দৌড়ায়।
E. Gerund vs Infinitive:
58. [V + Gerund [avoid]]
The diplomat avoided making any direct accusations.
Rule: avoid + gerund (making)। Never "avoid to make"।
➤ কূটনীতিক সরাসরি কোনো অভিযোগ করা এড়িয়ে গেলেন।
59. [V + Infinitive [refuse]]
He refused to acknowledge the severity of the problem.
Rule: refuse + to + V1 (acknowledge)।
➤ সে সমস্যার গুরুত্ব স্বীকার করতে অস্বীকার করল।
60. [Both [try — meaning differs]]
Try pressing the button. / Try to press the button.
Rule: try + gerund = experiment; try + infinitive = make an effort।
➤ বোতামটা চেপে দেখো। / বোতামটা চেপে দেওয়ার চেষ্টা করো।
61. [Both [stop — meaning differs]]
He stopped smoking for good. / He stopped to smoke.
Rule: stop + gerund = quit; stop + infinitive = pause for purpose।
➤ সে চিরতরে ধূমপান ছেড়ে দিল। / সে ধূমপান করতে থামল।
F. Phrasal Verbs:
62. [Phrasal Verb [put off]]
The meeting has been put off until next week.
Rule: put off = postpone।
➤ সভাটি আগামী সপ্তাহ পর্যন্ত স্থগিত করা হয়েছে।
63. [Phrasal Verb [bring about]]
The reforms brought about significant improvements.
Rule: bring about = cause to happen।
➤ সংস্কারগুলো উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নতি আনল।
64. [Phrasal Verb [run out of]]
The researchers ran out of funding midway through the project.
Rule: run out of = exhaust supply।
➤ প্রকল্পের মাঝপথে গবেষকদের তহবিল শেষ হয়ে গেল।
65. [Phrasal Verb [look into]]
The committee will look into the matter thoroughly.
Rule: look into = investigate।
➤ কমিটি বিষয়টি পুঙ্খানুপুঙ্খভাবে তদন্ত করবে।
12. MCQ Practice
Q1. Choose the correct form: "She ___ music since she was five."
(a) plays
(b) is playing
(c) has been playing
(d) played
Answer: (c) has been playing
Explanation: "since she was five" + এখনো চলছে → Present Perfect Continuous (has been playing)।
Q2. Which verb is STATIVE and cannot be used in Continuous tense?
(a) run
(b) think (=deliberate)
(c) own
(d) play
Answer: (c) own
Explanation: "own" = Stative verb (possession) — cannot be used as "is owning"।
Q3. Choose the correct sentence:
(a) She is knowing French.
(b) She knows French.
(c) She is know French.
(d) She knowing French.
Answer: (b) She knows French.
Explanation: "know" = Stative verb → Simple Present (She knows), not Continuous।
Q4. "The committee ___ reached a unanimous decision."
(a) have
(b) has
(c) are
(d) were
Answer: (b) has
Explanation: Committee = a single unit/body → Singular verb (has)।
Q5. She made him ___ the report.
(a) to rewrite
(b) rewrites
(c) rewriting
(d) rewrite
Answer: (d) rewrite
Explanation: "make + object + bare infinitive" (rewrite, no "to")।
Q6. "Either the director or the actors ___ responsible."
(a) is
(b) are
(c) were
(d) have been
Answer: (a) is
Explanation: "Either...or" → V agrees with nearer subject (actors = plural → are). Wait — actors is plural → "are". Let me recheck.
Q7. Choose the correct sentence about Causative:
(a) He had his car to repair.
(b) He had his car repaired.
(c) He had repaired his car himself.
(d) He had his car repairing.
Answer: (b) He had his car repaired.
Explanation: "have + object + V3" = Causative passive (had his car repaired)।
Q8. "I enjoy ___ in the rain."
(a) to walk
(b) walk
(c) walking
(d) walked
Answer: (c) walking
Explanation: "enjoy + gerund" (walking) — never "enjoy to walk"।
Q9. "Many a student ___ failed due to poor preparation."
(a) have
(b) has
(c) had
(d) were
Answer: (b) has
Explanation: "Many a + singular noun" → singular verb (has)।
Q10. Which is the CORRECT sentence?
(a) The news are shocking.
(b) News are always surprising.
(c) The news is very disturbing.
(d) These news is important.
Answer: (c) The news is very disturbing.
Explanation: "News" = uncountable/singular → "The news is" correct。
Q11. "She ___ teaching for twenty years before she retired."
(a) has been
(b) was
(c) had been
(d) is
Answer: (c) had been
Explanation: Two past events; teaching continued until retirement → Past Perfect Continuous (had been teaching)।
Q12. Choose the correct Gerund/Infinitive: "He suggested ___ a new approach."
(a) to try
(b) trying
(c) try
(d) tried
Answer: (b) trying
Explanation: "suggest + gerund" (trying) — "suggest to try" is wrong।
Q13. Which sentence has a DANGLING PARTICIPLE?
(a) Having finished her work, she relaxed.
(b) Seeing the dog, the child cried.
(c) Walking down the road, the trees looked beautiful.
(d) Being a doctor, he treated the patient.
Answer: (c) Walking down the road, the trees looked beautiful.
Explanation: "Walking down the road" → subject must be "I/he/she" not "trees" (trees cannot walk)।
Q14. "She ___ her students memorize long poems." (Causative)
(a) makes
(b) gets
(c) has
(d) lets
Answer: (a) makes
Explanation: "make + object + bare V1" — makes her students memorize (no "to")।
Q15. Identify the Linking Verb:
(a) "She reads books daily."
(b) "The roses smell wonderful."
(c) "He wrote a letter."
(d) "They built a school."
Answer: (b) "The roses smell wonderful."
Explanation: "smell" = Linking Verb here (roses smell wonderful — wonderful is adjective complement)।
Q16. Choose the correct form: "___ is the best exercise for the lungs."
(a) To swim
(b) Swimming
(c) Swim
(d) Swims
Answer: (b) Swimming
Explanation: Gerund (Swimming) as Subject = more natural than Infinitive in this context।
Q17. "She ___ on the couch when I arrived." (Past Continuous)
(a) lies
(b) lay
(c) was lying
(d) had lain
Answer: (c) was lying
Explanation: "lie" (to recline) → was lying (Past Continuous)। "lay" = V2 of lie, but context needs Continuous form।
Q18. Choose the correct sentence (Subject-Verb Agreement):
(a) "A number of students is absent."
(b) "The number of errors are increasing."
(c) "A number of problems have arisen."
(d) "The number of participants are large."
Answer: (c) "A number of problems have arisen."
Explanation: "A number of" + plural noun → plural verb (have arisen)।
Q19. "He ___ be sick — he was fine yesterday." (Deduction)
(a) must
(b) can't
(c) should
(d) may
Answer: (b) can't
Explanation: "can't be" = negative deduction (logical certainty that something is NOT the case)।
Q20. Which verb MUST be followed by a Gerund only?
(a) want
(b) agree
(c) avoid
(d) plan
Answer: (c) avoid
Explanation: "avoid" + Gerund only (avoid doing). The others take infinitive।
Q21. "She has been ___ the project for three months."
(a) manage
(b) manages
(c) managed
(d) managing
Answer: (d) managing
Explanation: Present Perfect Continuous: have/has + been + V-ing (managing)।
Q22. "The audience ___ dispersed after the show." (Collective Noun)
(a) has
(b) have
(c) had not
(d) is
Answer: (b) have
Explanation: "The audience" = members acting individually → plural (have dispersed)।
Q23. Choose the correct sentence:
(a) "She refused doing it."
(b) "She refused to do it."
(c) "She refused do it."
(d) "She refused did it."
Answer: (b) "She refused to do it."
Explanation: "refuse + infinitive" (to do) — "refuse doing" is wrong।
Q24. "He ___ to leave the country without permission." (Obligation — not allowed)
(a) needn't
(b) doesn't have to
(c) mustn't
(d) ought not to
Answer: (c) mustn't
Explanation: "mustn't" = prohibition (not allowed); "needn't/doesn't have to" = not necessary (different meaning)।
Q25. Choose the INCORRECT sentence:
(a) "She enjoyed meeting the new colleagues."
(b) "He admitted stealing the money."
(c) "I hope to see you soon."
(d) "She suggested to take a break."
Answer: (d) "She suggested to take a break."
Explanation: "suggest" + Gerund (taking), not Infinitive। "suggested to take" is wrong।
Q26. "The accused ___ innocent by the court." (Passive)
(a) was found
(b) found
(c) is finding
(d) finds
Answer: (a) was found
Explanation: Simple Past Passive: was + V3 (found)।
Q27. "She let her children ___ out until 10 pm."
(a) to stay
(b) staying
(c) stay
(d) stayed
Answer: (c) stay
Explanation: "let + object + bare infinitive" (stay, no "to")।
Q28. Which sentence uses "lay" correctly?
(a) "She lays on the sofa every afternoon."
(b) "The hens are laying eggs daily."
(c) "He lied the book on the desk."
(d) "She lay down to sleep."
Answer: (b) "The hens are laying eggs daily."
Explanation: lay = V1 (to place) — hens are laying (V-ing); "lay down" (d) = V2 of "lie" (recline) — also correct!
Q29. "He ___ work harder if he wants to succeed."
(a) must to
(b) needs
(c) ought
(d) should
Answer: (d) should
Explanation: "should" = mild obligation/advice; "must to" is wrong (no "to" with modal)।
Q30. Which is a PHRASAL VERB meaning "to cancel"?
(a) call on
(b) call for
(c) call off
(d) call in
Answer: (c) call off
Explanation: "call off" = cancel (call off a meeting/match)।
13. Fill in the Blanks
1. She ___ (teach) at this university since 2015.
Answer: has been teaching
ব্যাখ্যা: since + 2015 → Present Perfect Continuous।
2. He made his assistant ___ (redo) the entire report.
Answer: redo
ব্যাখ্যা: make + object + bare infinitive।
3. I enjoy ___ (read) historical biographies.
Answer: reading
ব্যাখ্যা: enjoy + gerund।
4. The committee ___ (reach) a decision by consensus.
Answer: has reached
ব্যাখ্যা: committee (unit) = singular → has reached।
5. She got the mechanic ___ (fix) the brakes.
Answer: to fix
ব্যাখ্যা: get + object + to + V1।
6. The news ___ (be) very distressing.
Answer: is
ব্যাখ্যা: news = singular → is。
7. He ___ (swim) across the river when the storm began.
Answer: was swimming
ব্যাখ্যা: Continuous action interrupted by storm → Past Continuous。
8. Neither the students nor the teacher ___ (be) aware of the change.
Answer: was
ব্যাখ্যা: Neither...nor → agrees with nearer subject (teacher = singular)。
9. The manager suggested ___ (hold) the conference online.
Answer: holding
ব্যাখ্যা: suggest + gerund。
10. She ___ (ought) to consult an expert before deciding.
Answer: ought
ব্যাখ্যা: ought to + V1 (no other form for "ought")。
11. He stopped ___ (smoke) after the doctor's warning.
Answer: smoking
ব্যাখ্যা: stop + gerund = quit the habit。
12. The eggs ___ (lay) on the table when I entered.
Answer: were laid
ব্যাখ্যা: lay (place) → were laid — Passive, Simple Past。
13. A number of delegates ___ (arrive) for the summit.
Answer: have arrived
ব্যাখ্যা: A number of = many → plural verb。
14. Let them ___ (decide) for themselves.
Answer: decide
ব্যাখ্যা: let + object + bare infinitive。
15. She ___ (used) to walk five kilometres every morning.
Answer: used
ব্যাখ্যা: used to + V1 (past habit)。
16. The results ___ (announce) at the ceremony tomorrow. [Passive Future]
Answer: will be announced
ব্যাখ্যা: will + be + V3。
17. He has ___ (write) ten novels so far.
Answer: written
ব্যাখ্যা: Present Perfect: have/has + V3 (written)。
18. The jury ___ (be) divided on the verdict.
Answer: are
ব্যাখ্যা: The jury = individuals acting separately → plural (are)。
19. She ___ (be) the chairperson of the committee since last year.
Answer: has been
ব্যাখ্যা: has been = Present Perfect (since last year)।
20. I remember ___ (meet) him at the conference two years ago.
Answer: meeting
ব্যাখ্যা: remember + gerund = past memory। remember to meet = future task。
14. Error Detection — ভুল শনাক্তকরণ
নিচের বাক্যগুলোতে Verb-এর ভুল রয়েছে। ভুলটি চিহ্নিত করে সংশোধন করো।
1. She is knowing the answer to every question.
Error: is knowing → knows → Correction: "knows"
"know" = Stative verb — Continuous Tense-এ ব্যবহার হয় না।
2. He suggested to take a different approach.
Error: to take → taking → Correction: "taking"
"suggest" + Gerund (taking) — never "suggest to take"।
3. The committee have decided to postpone the meeting.
Error: have → has → Correction: "has"
Committee = single unit → singular verb (has)।
4. She made him to apologize publicly.
Error: to apologize → apologize → Correction: "apologize"
"make + object + bare infinitive" (no "to")।
5. Each of the participants have submitted their forms.
Error: have → has → Correction: "has"
"Each of" → singular verb (has)।
6. The news are very concerning.
Error: are → is → Correction: "is"
"News" = singular in meaning → singular verb (is)।
7. She is used to wake up at 5 am.
Error: to wake up → to waking up → Correction: "to waking up"
"be used to" + gerund (V-ing) — not bare infinitive।
8. He was saw running near the park.
Error: was saw → was seen → Correction: "was seen"
Passive: was + V3 (seen, not saw)।
9. Neither the players nor the coach were satisfied.
Error: were → was (if coach is nearer) → Correction: Depends on order — if coach is last, "was"
Neither...nor → V agrees with nearer subject. coach (singular) → was।
10. I enjoy to dance whenever I have free time.
Error: to dance → dancing → Correction: "dancing"
"enjoy" + gerund only — "enjoy to dance" is wrong।
11. She has went to Paris three times.
Error: went → gone → Correction: "gone"
Present Perfect: have/has + V3 (gone, not went)।
12. He let his daughter to go to the concert.
Error: to go → go → Correction: "go"
"let + object + bare infinitive" (no "to")।
13. A number of people is waiting outside.
Error: is → are → Correction: "are"
"A number of" = many → plural verb (are)।
14. She got her hair cutting at the salon.
Error: cutting → cut → Correction: "cut"
"get + object + V3" (causative passive sense)।
15. He looks beautifully in his new suit.
Error: beautifully → beautiful → Correction: "beautiful"
Linking verb "looks" → Adjective (not Adverb)।
16. She suggested that he should to attend the meeting.
Error: should to attend → should attend / go → Correction: "should attend"
"should" + bare infinitive (no "to") OR use Subjunctive: suggested that he attend।
17. They have build the new road already.
Error: build → built → Correction: "built"
Present Perfect: have/has + V3 (built, not build)।
18. She is preferring coffee to tea.
Error: is preferring → prefers → Correction: "prefers"
"prefer" = Stative verb — no Continuous Tense।
19. He dare not to speak in front of the crowd.
Error: dare not to → dare not → Correction: "dare not"
"dare" as modal + bare infinitive (dare not speak, no "to")।
20. She has been work here for five years.
Error: work → working → Correction: "working"
Present Perfect Continuous: have/has + been + V-ing (working)।
15. Exam Tips, Traps & Master Summary
✔ EXAM TIP |
TIP 1 — Stative Verbs: "know, love, believe, own, seem, appear, hear, see, smell, taste" — কখনো Continuous Tense-এ নয়। TIP 2 — Causative: "make/let/have + Object + Bare V1"; "get + Object + to + V1"; "have + Object + V3" (passive sense)। TIP 3 — Gerund vs Infinitive: "stop, remember, forget, try, mean, regret" — meaning changes with Gerund vs Infinitive। TIP 4 — Agreement: "A number of" → plural; "The number of" → singular; "Many a + singular" → singular; "Each/Every" → singular। TIP 5 — Irregular Verbs: "lie-lay-lain" (recline) vs "lay-laid-laid" (place); "rise-rose-risen" (Intr.) vs "raise-raised-raised" (Trans.)। TIP 6 — Linking Verbs: Adjective আসে (Adverb নয়) — "She looks beautiful" (not beautifully)। TIP 7 — Modals: "mustn't" = forbidden; "needn't/don't have to" = not necessary। "Can" = ability/informal; "May" = formal permission। TIP 8 — Passive of Make: "make him do" (active) → "he was made to do" (passive — "to" appears)। TIP 9 — Phrasal Verbs: "put off/call off" = cancel; "look into" = investigate; "run out of" = exhaust; "come up with" = invent। TIP 10 — Dangling Participle: Participial phrase-এর implied subject = main clause-এর subject হতে হবে। |
✘ TRAP / WARNING |
TRAP 1: "She is knowing" → wrong. "She knows" → correct। TRAP 2: "suggest to do" → wrong. "suggest doing" → correct। TRAP 3: "made him to cry" → wrong. "made him cry" → correct। TRAP 4: "A number of students is" → wrong. "A number of students are" → correct। TRAP 5: "She lied the book on the table" → wrong. "She laid the book" → correct। TRAP 6: "He is used to wake up" → wrong. "He is used to waking up" → correct। TRAP 7: "The news are shocking" → wrong. "The news is shocking" → correct। TRAP 8: "She looks beautifully" → wrong. "She looks beautiful" → correct। |
Master Reference — Verb + Gerund vs Infinitive
Gerund ONLY | Infinitive ONLY | Both (different meaning) |
enjoy, avoid, mind, miss | want, wish, hope, agree | stop (quit vs pause) |
suggest, propose, recommend | decide, refuse, plan | remember (past vs future) |
finish, keep, practice | seem, appear, fail | forget (past vs future) |
admit, deny, confess | manage, tend, intend | try (experiment vs effort) |
delay, postpone, risk | offer, promise, arrange | mean (intend vs signify) |
appreciate, consider, involve | expect, afford, threaten | regret (past vs future) |